Sustainable considerations in additive manufacturing processes: A review

Authors

  • Ndudim Ononiwu Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 410001, Nsukka, Nigeria
  • Paul A. Ako Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 410001, Nsukka, Nigeria
  • Chukwuemeka Anyaoha Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 410001, Nsukka, Nigeria
  • Chibuzo Ikwuagwu Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 410001, Nsukka, Nigeria
  • Ifeanyi Jacobs Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 410001, Nsukka, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.18.1.2024.5.0780

Keywords:

Waste management, Electronic waste, Sustainability, 3D printing, Environmental savings

Abstract

Efficient waste management practices are becoming increasingly necessary due to the negative environmental and health impacts of waste generation and disposal. One type of waste that has received particular attention is electronic waste (e-waste). This category of waste has the potential to cause significant environmental harm if not disposed of properly. The management of e-waste is crucial in the electrical/electronic industry which has led to the creation of models and institutional legislature to promote sustainable production processes. Among these processes, Additive manufacturing otherwise referred to as 3D printing is particularly effective in reducing waste generation and energy requirements by reusing spent parts and products as feedstock. Sustainability in the manufacturing and production sectors can be promoted through the inculcation of certain practices. Of these practices, reusing e-waste that would otherwise be disposed of in landfills has the potential to promote environmental cost savings. This article introduces the potential of e-waste being integrated into the manufacturing sector to promote sustainable production. The article also addresses the problem of geometric e-waste generation and suggests an efficient way of reusing waste from the electrical and electronic industries.

References

S. S. Muthu and M. M. Savalani. Handbook of Sustainability in Additive Manufacturing, 2nd Ed., Hong Kong: Springer, 2016.

R. Narayan. Rapid Prototyping of Biomaterials, Principles and Applications, 1st Ed., United Kingdom: Woodhead Publishing, 2014.

O. Abdulhameed, A. Al-ahmari, W. Ameen, and S. H. Mian, “Additive manufacturing : Challenges, trends, and applications,” Advances in Mechanical Engineering, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1–27, 2019.

R. Singh et al., “Powder bed fusion process in additive manufacturing: An overview,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 26, pp. 3058–3070, 2020.

A. Gebhardt, J. Kessler, and L. Thurn. 3D Printing Understanding: Additive Manufacturing, 2nd ed., Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, pp. 1–38, 2019.

N. Ononiwu, “Integration of machining with measurement,” International Journal of Enhanced Research in Science, Technology and Engineering, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 43–51, 2016.

B. Ergene, H. Ispartali, And U. Karakilinç, “Impact behaviour of PET-G parts produced by melt deposition modelling depending on layer height and test temperature,” Journal of Gazi University Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 1345–1360, 2023.

B. Ergene, İ. Şekeroğlu, Ç. Bolat, and B. Yalçın, “An experimental investigation on mechanical performances of 3D printed lightweight ABS pipes with different cellular wall thickness,” Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 8169–8177, 2021.

B. Ergene, G. Atlıhan, and A. M. Pinar, “Experimental and finite element analyses on the vibration behaviour of 3D-printed PET-G tapered beams with fused filament fabrication,” Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 634–651, 2023.

L. Akenji et al. Sustainable Consumption and Production: A Handbook for Policymakers, 1st Ed., United Nation Environment Program, 2015.

UN Environment Program, "Sustainable consumption and production policy," [Online]. Available: http://unep.org.

A. Thomas and U. Mishra, “A sustainable circular economic supply chain system with waste minimization using 3D printing and emissions reduction in plastic reforming industry,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 345, pp. 1-19, 2021.

European Commission, “Circular economy,” [Online]. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/green-growth/tools-instruments/index_en.htmecolabel.

CalRecycle, “What is E-waste?,” California's Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery [Online]. Available: https://calrecycle.ca.gov.

S. Luhar and I. Luhar, “Potential application of E-wastes in construction industry : A review,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 203, pp. 222–240, 2019.

B. Alves, “Global E-waste - Statistics & Facts,” Statista [Online], 2023. Available: https://www.statista.com/topics/3409/electronic-waste-worldwide/#dossierKeyfigures.

V. Forti et al., “The Global E-waste Monitor 2020: Quantities, Flows, and Resources”, United Nation University, pp. 1-120, 2020.

O. Ogungbuyi, I. C. Nnorom, O. Osibanjo, and M. Schluep, “E-waste country assessment Nigeria,” Technical Report, 2012.

S. Arogundade, “Nigeria as the waste capital of Africa,” Guardian [Online], May 24, 2018. Available: https://guardian.ng/opinion/nigeria-as-the-waste-capital-of-africa/

I. Faluyi, “Nigeria’s response to the global e-waste challenge,” Guardian [Online], Sep. 10, 2020. Available: https://guardian.ng/opinion/nigerias-response-to-the-global-e-waste-challenge/

EPA, “Cleaning up electronic waste (E-Waste),” United States Environmental Protection Agency [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/international-cooperation/cleaning-electronic-waste-e-waste.

C. C. Okeke, “NESREA Ready to improve waste management practices,” Daily Trust [Online], July 30, 2014. Available: https://dailytrust.com/nesrea-ready-to-improve-waste-management-practices/

L. Anukum, “NESREA urges compliance with EPR policy on solid waste,” TheGuardian [Online], Dec. 14, 2015. Available: https://guardian.ng/property/nesrea-urges-compliance-with-epr-policy-on-solid-waste/

M. Y. Owusu-twum et al., “Electronic waste control and management in Ghana : A critical assessment of the law, perceptions and practices,” Waste Management and Research, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 1794–1802, 2022.

S. Singh and M. S. Dasgupta, “Evaluation of sustainable e-waste collection method for urban and rural region of India,” Waste Management and Research, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 545–555, 2022.

S. Patrick and T. Johanna, “Circular economy in Africa: Examples and opportunities public policy,” The Ellen Macarthur Foundation, Public Policy, pp. 1–14, 2021.

European Aluminium Institute, “Bauxite residue management: Best practice,” European Aluminum [Online]. Available: http://www.world-aluminium.org

N. H. Ononiwu, C. G. Ozoegwu, N. Madushele, and E. T. Akinlabi, “Characterization, machinability studies and multi-response optimization of AA 6082 hybrid metal matrix composite,” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 116, no. 138823, pp. 1–19, 2021.

S. P. Dwivedi and G. Dwivedi, “Utilization of organic waste and inorganic waste in development of green hybrid composite material,” Materials Performance and Characterization, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 316-328, 2019.

M. K. Gupta and R. Singh, “PLA-coated sisal fibre-reinforced polyester composite : Water absorption, static and dynamic mechanical properties,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 65–72, 2019.

C. Mgbemene, I. Jacobs, A. Okoani, and N. Ononiwu, “Experimental investigation on the performance of aluminium soda can solar air heater,” Renewable Energy, vol. 195, pp. 182–193, 2022.

J.-L. Yang et al., “Advanced cathode for dual-ion batteries: Waste-to-wealth reuse of spent graphite from lithium-ion batteries,” eScience, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 95–101, 2022.

S. K. Kaliyavaradhan, P. Ranjan, P. S. Ambily, and K. Hung, “Resources, conservation & recycling effective utilization of e-waste plastics and glasses in construction products - a review and future research directions,” Resources, Conservation & Recycling, vol. 176, no. 105936, pp. 1-20, 2022.

X. Y. Zhuang et al., “Fly ash-based geopolymer: Clean production, properties and applications,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 125, pp. 253–267, 2016.

D. Dey, D. Srinivas, B. Panda, P. Suraneni, and T. G. Sitharam, “Use of industrial waste materials for 3D printing of sustainable concrete : A review,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 340, pp. 1-14, 2022.

E. McCauley and E. Harger, “How gold is mined from electronic waste using microbes,” Business Insider [Online], May 2021. Available: https://www.businessinsider.com/

O. Osibanjo, “Electronic waste: A major challenge to sustainable development in Africa,” in Basel Convention Regional Coordinating Centre for Africa, 2009.

V. Langrova, “Comparative analysis of EPR programmes for small consumer batteries: Case study of the Netherlands, Switzerland and Sweden,” Technical Report, Lund University, 2002.

National Environmental Standards and Regulations, “National environment (electrical/electronic Sector) regulation,” Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette, vol. 98, no. 50, 2011.

L. Anukum, "NESREA urges compliance with EPR policy on solid waste,” The Guardian [Online], Dec. 14, 2015. Available: https://guardian.ng/property/nesrea-urges-compliance-with-epr-policy-on-solid-waste/

K. Ghosal, S. Pal, D. Ghosh, K. Jana, and K. Sarkar, “In vivo biocompatible shape memory polyester derived from recycled polycarbonate e-waste for biomedical application,” Biomaterials Advances, vol. 138, no. 212961, pp. 1-14, 2022.

S. Dixit et al., “Replacing E-waste with coarse aggregate in architectural engineering and construction industry,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 56, pp. 2353–2358, 2022.

Z. Yao et al., “Recycling difficult-to-treat e-waste cathode-ray-tube glass as construction` and building materials: A critical review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 81, pp. 595–604, 2018

S. Nasier, “Utilization of recycled form of concrete, E-wastes, glass, quarry rock dust and waste marble powder as reliable construction materials,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 45, pp. 3231–3234, 2021.

P. G. Goh, M. Maghfouri, C. C. Onn, and L. S. Chuing, “Life cycle assessment on recycled e-waste concrete,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 17, pp. 1–16, 2022.

V. Gaikwad, A. Ghose, S. Cholake, A. Rawal, M. Iwato, and V. Sahajwalla, “Transformation of e ‑ waste plastics into sustainable filaments for 3D printing,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, vol. 6, pp. 14432–14440, 2018.

H. Guo, X. Wang, Y. Gong, X. Liu, and D. Gao, “Improved mechanical property of foam glass composites toughened by glass fiber,” Materials Letters, vol. 65, pp. 2725–2527, 2010.

B. Chen, K. Wang, X. Chen, and A. Lu, “Study of foam glass with high content of fly ash using calcium carbonate as foaming agent,” Materials Letters, vol. 79, pp. 263–265, 2012.

I. Lazău, S. Borcănescu, C. Păcurariu, and C. Vancea, “Kinetic study of the non-isothermal crystallization process of hematite in ceramic glazes obtained from CRT wastes,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 112, pp. 345–351, 2013.

R. Fanthi, A. Ariyani, S. Fajarwati, and S. Chadijah, “E-waste for interior accessories : an exploration of material recycling E-waste for interior accessories : an exploration of material recycling,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 794, p. 012070, 2021.

R. Venkatakrishnan, R. Pabhakaran, and N. NarmadaDevi, “The effect of e-waste particle on mechanical behavior of particulate reinforced epoxy matrix composite The effect of e-waste particle on mechanical behavior of particulate reinforced epoxy matrix composite,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 573, p. 012013, 2020.

X. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Qiao, X. Yu, and D. Ruan, “Regeneration and usage of commercial activated carbon from the waste electrodes for the application of supercapacitors,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 322, pp. 1-8, 2022.

Ozeki, “Introduction to 3D printing,” Ozeki 3D Printer [Online]. Available: http://ozeki.hu/p_1018-introduction-to-3d-printing.html.

G. Pecorini, S. Braccini, G. Parrini, and F. Chiellini, “Additive manufacturing of poly ( 3-hydroxybutyrate- co -3- hydroxyvalerate )/ poly ( d, l-lactide- co -glycolide ) biphasic scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 1–25, 2022.

A. Romani, V. Rognoli, and M. Levi, “Design, materials, and extrusion-based additive manufacturing in circular economy contexts : from waste to new products,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 13, pp. 1–23, 2021.

M. London, “Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of multi-jet fusion 3d printing cradle-to-gate life cycle,” Master Thesis, University of Michigan, United States, 2020.

E. Gkartzou, E. Koumoulos, and C. A. Charitidis, “Production and 3D printing processing of bio-based thermoplastic filament,” Manufacturing Review, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 2017.

N. Shahrubudin, T. C. Lee, and R. Ramlan, “An overview on 3D printing technology : Technological, materials, technology andapplications,” Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 35, pp. 1286–1296, 2019.

K. Zgodavová, K. Lengyelová, P. Bober, A. Eguren, and A. Moreno, “3D printing optimization for environmental sustainability : experimenting with materials of protective face shield frames,” Materials, vol. 14, no. 21, pp. 1–19, 2021.

M. N. Mohamad Norani, F. B. A. Mohd, I. H. C. A. Muhammad, A. Hilmi, R. R. Faiz, and T. Noreffendy, “3D printing parameters of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer for friction and wear analysis using response surface methodology,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, vol. 235, no. 2, pp. 468–477, 2021.

G. Hu et al., “Optimizing the hardness of SLA printed objects by using the neural network and genetic algorithm,” Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 38, pp. 117–124, 2019.

J. Wang, A. Goyanes, S. Gaisford, and A. W. Basit, “Stereolithographic (SLA) 3D printing of oral modified-release dosage forms,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 503, no. 1–2, pp. 207–212, 2016.

G. Varghese et al., “Fabrication and characterisation of ceramics via low-cost DLP 3D printing,” Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 9–18, 2018.

C. Cai et al., “Comparative study on 3D printing of polyamide 12 by selective laser sintering and multi-jet fusion,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 288, p. 116882, 2021.

N. Jonkers, W. J. van Dijk, N. H. Vonk, J. A. W. van Dommelen, and M. G. D. Geers, “Anisotropic mechanical properties of selective laser sintered starch-based food,” Journal of Food Engineering, vol. 318, pp. 1–10, 2021.

P. Patpatiya, A. Shastri, S. Sharma, and K. Chaudhary, “ANN-predictive modeling and GA-optimization for minimizing dimensional tolerance in Polyjet additive manufacturing,” CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, vol. 38, pp. 320–339, 2022.

N. Vidakis, M. Petousis, N. Vaxevanidis, and J. Kechagias, “Surface roughness investigation of Poly-Jet 3D printing,” Mathematics, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 1-14, 2020.

B. N. Dhanunjayarao et al., “3D printing of fiber reinforced polymer nanocomposites: Additive manufacturing,” in Handbook of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications, pp. 1-29, 2020.

A. Elkaseer, K. J. Chen, J. C. Janhsen, O. Refle, V. Hagenmeyer, and S. G. Scholz, “Material jetting for advanced applications: A state-of-the-art review, gaps and future directions,” Additive Manufacturing, vol. 60, pp. 1-23, 2022.

H. M. Alojaly, A. Hammouda, and K. Y. Benyounis, “Review of recent developments on metal matrix composites with particulate reinforcement,” in Comprehensive Materials Processing, pp. 1-24, 2023.

U. Chadha et al., “Directed energy deposition via artificial intelligence-enabled approaches,” Complexity, vol. 2022, pp. 1–32, 2022.

M. Ziaee and N. B. Crane, “Binder jetting: A review of process, materials, and methods,” Additive Manufacturing, vol. 28, pp. 781–801, 2019.

S. Patil, N. Zhao, V. Chahal, H. Zhu, R. Taylor, and W. Li, “Quality of AM parts in automotive application: Design-process-property relation for automotive parts,” in Quality Analysis of Additively Manufactured Metals, pp. 745–764, 2023.

A. Mostafaei et al., “Binder jet 3D printing—Process parameters, materials, properties, modeling, and challenges,” Progress in Materials Science, vol. 119, p. 100707, 2021.

F. M. Mwema and E. T. Akinlabi, "Basics of fused deposition modelling (FDM)," in SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, pp. 1-15, 2020.

K. Rajan, M. Samykano, K. Kadirgama, W. S. W. Harun, and M. M. Rahman, “Fused deposition modeling: process, materials, parameters, properties, and applications,” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 120, no. 3–4, pp. 1531–1570, 2022.

O. A. Mohamed, S. H. Masood, and J. L. Bhowmik, “Optimization of fused deposition modeling process parameters : a review of current research and future prospects,” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 3, pp. 42–53, 2015.

M. Mukhtarkhanov, A. Perveen, and D. Talamona, “Application of stereolithography based 3d printing technology in investment casting,” Micromachines, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 1–27, 2020.

A. B. Cook and T. D. Clemons, “Bottom-up versus top-down strategies for morphology control in polymer-based biomedical materials,” Advanced Nanobiomedical Research, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 2100087, 2022.

K. Wudy, L. Lanzl, and D. Drummer, “Selective laser sintering of filled polymer systems: Bulk properties and laser beam material interaction,” Physics Procedia, vol. 83, pp. 991–1002, 2016.

A. M. Arefin, N. R. Khatri, N. Kulkarni, and P. Egan, “Polymer 3D printing review: Materials, process, and design strategies for medical applications,” Polymers, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1–24, 2021.

S. Farid et al., “A review on powder-based additive manufacturing for tissue engineering : selective laser sintering and inkjet 3D printing A review on powder-based additive manufacturing for tissue engineering : selective laser sintering and inkjet 3D printing,” Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1–20, 2015.

M. B. N. Shaikh, S. Arif, T. Aziz, A. Waseem, M. A. N. Shaikh, and M. Ali, “Microstructural, mechanical and tribological behaviour of powder metallurgy processed SiC and RHA reinforced Al-based composites,” Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 15, pp. 166–179, 2019.

K. Thakare, X. Wei, and Z. Pei, “Dimensional accuracy in polyjet printing: A literature review,” in 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, 2019, Pennsylvania, United States, vol. 1, pp. 1-7.

R. Udroiu and I. C. Braga, “Polyjet technology applications for rapid tooling,” in MATEC Web of Conferences, 2017, vol. 112, pp. 1–6.

M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes and Systems, 5th ed. New York: Wiley, 2010.

R. Gupta, M. Dalakoti, and A. Narasimhulu, “A critical review of process parameters in laminated object manufacturing process,” in Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering, pp. 31–39, 2020.

S. A. Kumar and R. V. S. Prasad, "Basic principles of additive manufacturing: Different additive manufacturing technologies," in Additive Manufacturing, pp. 17-35, 2021.

Y. Hagedorn, "Laser additive manufacturing of ceramic components: Materials, processes and mechanisms," in Laser Additive Manufacturing, pp. 163–180, 2017.

S. Farah, D. G. Anderson, and R. Langer, “Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications — A comprehensive review,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 107, pp. 367–392, 2016.

V. K. Balla, K. H. Kate, J. Satyavolu, P. Singh, and J. G. D. Tadimeti, “Additive manufacturing of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites: Processing and prospects,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 174, p. 106956, 2019.

P. Benyathiar, P. Kumar, G. Carpenter, J. Brace, and D. K. Mishra, “Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle‐to‐bottle recycling for the beverage industry: A review,” Polymers, vol. 14, no. 2366, pp. 1-29, 2022.

G. L. Robertson, “Food packaging,” in Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, 2014, pp. 232–249.

Z. Li, L. Ribeiro de Souza, C. Litina, A. E. Markaki, and A. Al-Tabbaa, “Feasibility of using 3D printed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for creating self-healing vascular tunnels in cement system,” Materials, vol. 12, no. 3872, pp. 1–13, 2019.

J. Faludi, N. Cline-Thomas, and S. Agrawala, “3D printing and its environmental implications,” in The Next Production Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 171–213, 2017.

C. G. Machado, M. Despeisse, M. Winroth, E. H. D, R. da Silva, “Additive manufacturing from the sustainability perspective : Proposal for a self-assessment tool,"in 52th CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems, vol. 81, pp. 482–487, 2019.

M. Mani, K. W. Lyons, and S. K. Gupta, “Sustainability characterization for additive manufacturing,” Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, vol. 119, pp. 419–428, 2014.

K. Kellens, M. Baumers, T. G. Gutowski, W. Flanagan, R. Lifset, and J. R. Duflo, “Environmental dimensions of additive manufacturing : mapping application domains and their environmental implications,” Journal of Industrial Ecology, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 49–68, 2017.

E. Sanchez-rexach, T. G. Johnston, C. Jehanno, H. Sardon, and A. Nelson, “Sustainable materials and chemical processes for additive manufacturing,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 32, pp. 7105–7119, 2020.

J. P. Rett, Y. L. Traore, and E. A. Ho, “Sustainable materials for fused deposition modeling 3D printing applications,” Advanced Engineering Materials, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 1–8, 2021.

M. Grigore, “Methods of recycling, properties and applications of recycled thermoplastic polymers,” Recycling, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1-11, 2017.

A. Van Wijk and I. Van Wijk. 3D Printing with Biomaterials: Towards a Sustainable and Circular Economy, 1st Ed., Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2018.

H. N. Chia and B. M. Wu, “Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials,” Journal of Biological Engineering, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2015.

D. Rokaya et al., “3D-Printed Biomaterials in Biomedical Application,” in Functional Biomaterials, Singapore: Springer, pp. 319–339, 2022.

J. Sougata, J. Subrata. Functional Biomaterials: Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications, 1st Ed., Singapore: Springer, 2022.

K. Prasad et al., “Metallic biomaterials : Current challenges and opportunities,” Materials, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1–33, 2017.

S. Pruitt, S. Reiser, J. Acker, C. Beneke, M. C. Cooperrider, J. Korstad, "Phytoremediation and the issue of fracking in South Africa," Phytorestoration of Abandoned Mining and Oil Drilling Sites, pp. 473-483, 2021.

F. Cerdas, M. Juraschek, S. Thiede, and C. Herrmann, “Life cycle assessment of 3D printed products in a distributed manufacturing system,” Journal of Industrial Ecology, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 80–93, 2017.

S. Ford and M. Despeisse, “Additive manufacturing and sustainability: an exploratory study of the advantages and challenges,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 137, pp. 1573–1587, 2016.

M. R. M. Saade, A. Yahia, and B. Amor, “How has LCA been applied to 3D printing? A systematic literature review and recommendations for future studies,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 244, pp. 1-10, 2020.

O. Diegel, P. Kristav, D. Motte, B. Kianian, “Additive manufacturing and its effect on sustainable design”. Handbook of Sustainability in Additive Manufacturing, vol. 1, pp. 73-99, 2016.

Downloads

Published

2024-03-30

How to Cite

[1]
N. Ononiwu, P. Ako, C. Anyaoha, C. Ikwuagwu, and I. Jacobs, “Sustainable considerations in additive manufacturing processes: A review”, J. Mech. Eng. Sci., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 9853–9871, Mar. 2024.

Issue

Section

Review