Mechanical characterization and optimization of heat treatment parameters of manganese alloyed austempered ductile iron

Ananda Hegde; Sathyashankara Sharma; Ramakrishna Vikas Sadanand

doi:10.15282/jmes.13.1.2019.01.0371

Authors

Ananda Hegde Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104 Phone: 9740540928; Fax: 91-820-2571071
Sathyashankara Sharma Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104 Phone: 9740540928; Fax: 91-820-2571071
Ramakrishna Vikas Sadanand Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104 Phone: 9740540928; Fax: 91-820-2571071

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.13.1.2019.01.0371

Keywords:

Optimization, Analysis of variance, Austempered ductile iron, Austenitization, Austempering

Abstract

Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) belongs to the family of cast irons whose mechanical properties are altered using austempering heat treatment process. The objective of this paper is to study the effects of heat treatment parameters on manganese alloyed ADI. Hence, austenitization temperature, austempering temperature and austempering time are taken as the control variables along with the manganese content in the material. The effects of heat treatment are studied by measuring the ultimate tensile strength and the hardness of the material. The regression equations are developed to relate the various parameters under study. The microstructures of the specimen reveal that retained austenite content increases with increase in manganese and results in decrease in hardness of the material. The statistical analyses indicate that the austempering temperature is the major factor affecting the variation in hardness and tensile strength with 74.5 % of contribution within the range of values whereas, variation in manganese content does not have significant effect on hardness within the investigated composition range in the material.

References

Artola G, Gallastegi I, Izaga J, Barreña M, Rimmer A. Austempered ductile iron (ADI) alternative material for high-performance applications. International Journal of Metalcasting 2017; 11: 131-135.

Cakir C M, Ali B, Yahys I, Baris S. The effects of austempering temperature and time onto the machinability of austempered ductile iron. Materials Science and Engineering A 2005; 407: 147-153.

Rundman K B, Moore D J, Hayrynen K L, Dubensky W J, Rouns T N. The microstructure and mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron. Journal of Heat treating 1988; 5 (2): 79-95.

Chang LC, Hsui IC, Chen LH, Lui TS. Effects of heat treatment on the erosion behavior of austempered ductile irons. Wear 2006; 260:783-793.

Nofal AA, Jekova L. Novel processing techniques and applications of austempered ductile iron. Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 2009; 44(3): 213-228.

Zimba J, Simbi D J, Navara E. Austempered ductile iron: an alternative material for earth moving components. Cement and Concrete Composites 2003; 25 (6): 643-649.

Kumar K M, Hariharan P, Venkateshwaran P, Tamilarasan S. Examination of microstructure and mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron (ADI) as per austempering temperature and time. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 2015; 68 (1): 67-71.

Han Ch F, Sun Y F, Wu Y, Ma Y H. Effects of vanadium and austempering temperature on microstructure and properties of CADI. Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis 2015; 4 (3): 135-145.

Batra U, Ray S, Prabhakar SR. Tensile properties of copper alloyed austempered ductile iron: effect of austempering parameters. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 2004; 13 (5): 537-541.

Marcelo Vasconcelos de Carvalho, Davi Melo Montenegro, Jefferson de Oliveira Gomes. An analysis of the machinability of ASTM grades 2 and 3 austempered ductile iron. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2013; 213: 560-573.

Olawale JO, Ibitoye SA, Oluwasegun KM et al. Forced-air cooling quenching: a novel technique for austempered ductile iron production. International Journal of Metalcasting 2017; 11 (3): 568-580.

Arft M, Klocke F, Lung D. Evaluation of the machining aspects of austempered ductile iron. International Journal of Metalcasting. 2012; 6 (4): 35-42.

Basso A, Sikora J. Review on production processes and mechanical properties of dual phase austempered ductile iron. International Journal of Metalcasting 2012; 6 (1): 7-14.

Zanardi F, Bonollo F, Angella G et al. A contribution to new material standards for ductile irons and austempered ductile irons. International Journal of Metalcasting 2017; 11 (1): 136-147.

Méndez S, Urko de la Torre, González-Martínez R, Ramon S. Advanced properties of ausferritic ductile iron obtained in as-cast conditions. International Journal of Metalcasting 2017; 11 (1): 116-122.

Narasimha Murthy K, Sampathkumaran P, Seetharamu S. Abrasion and erosion behaviour of manganese alloyed permanent moulded austempered ductile iron. Wear 2009; 267: 1393- 1398.

Bayati H, Elliott R. Influence of austenitising temperature on mechanical properties of high manganese alloyed ductile iron. Materials Science and Technology 1995; 11 (9): 908-913.

Razak NH, Rahman MM, Kadirgama K. Cutting force and chip formation in end milling operation when machining nickelbased superalloy, Hastelloy C-2000. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 2017; 11 (1): 2439-2451.

ASTM A536, Standard specification for ductile iron castings, annual book of ASTM standards, Vol. 01.02, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2014).

ASTM E8/E8M- 16a, Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials, annual book of ASTM standards, Vol.03.01, West Conshohocken, PA (2016).

Vikas Chawla1, Uma Batra, Puri D, Amita Chawla. To study the effect of austempering temperature on fracture behaviour of ni-mo austempered ductile iron (ADI). Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering 2008; 7 (4):307-316.

Junjun Cui, Liqing Chen. Microstructures and mechanical properties of a wear-resistant alloyed ductile iron austempered at various temperatures. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 2015; 46 (8): 3627- 3634.

Ritha Kumari U, Prasad Rao P. Study of wear behaviour of austempered ductile iron. Journal of Materials Science 2009; 44: 1082-1093.

Jiwang Zhang, Ning Zhang, Mintang Zhang, Liantao Lu, Dongfang Zeng, Qingpeng Song. Microstructure and mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron with different strength grades. Materials Letters 2014; 119: 47-50.

ASTM E1245-03(2016) Standard practice for determining the inclusion or second-phase constituent content of metals by automatic image analysis, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016.

Srinivasmurthy Daber, Ravishankar K S, Prasad Rao P. Influence of austenitising temperature on the formation of strain induced martensite in austempered ductile iron. Journal of Materials Science 2008; 43: 4929-4937.

Branka Bosnjak, Branko Radulovic. Effect of austenitising temperature on austempering kinetics of ni-mo alloyed ductile iron. Materials and Technology 2004; 38: 307-312.

Susil K Putatunda, Pavan K Gadicherla. Influence of austenitizing temperature on fracture toughness of a low manganese austempered ductile iron (ADI) with ferritic as cast structure. Materials Science and Engineering A 1999; 268: 15-31.

Manivel D, Gandhinathan R. Optimization of surface roughness and tool wear in hard turning of austempered ductile iron (grade 3) using Taguchi method. Measurement 2016; 93: 108-116.