The Utilisation and Feasibility Study of Solid Waste, Palm Kernel Cake, and Trichantera Gigantea (Ketum Ayam) as Animal Feed for Broiler
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15282/construction.v4i2.10677Keywords:
Animal Feed, Food Security, Palm Kernel Cake, Poultry, Solid WasteAbstract
This study aims to investigate the utilisation and feasibility of solid waste into animal feed. Every year, agro-based industries produce a large number of residues. Since the majority of untreated and underutilised agro-industrial wastes, this problem can be solved by utilising the waste from palm oil industry into animal feed. The waste that are used in this study is palm kernel cake (PKC). PKC is one of the region's most abundant, accounted 2.3 Million tonnes are being export and potentially to be used as low-cost agricultural products. Furthermore, it has the potential to mitigate the pollution levels and reduce the operational expenses associated with waste management. The solid waste characteristics in PKC proven that these by-products are high in nutrient that can be used for animal feed with the additional of Trichantera Gigantea (Ketum Ayam) and other ingredients to help the growth rate of chickens and also control the agro-industrial waste.
References
F. Amalina, S. Krishnan, A. W. Zularisam, and M. Nasrullah, “Biochar and sustainable environmental development towards adsorptive removal of pollutants: Modern advancements and future insight,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 173, pp. 715–728, 2023.
P.K. Sadh, S. Duhan, and J.S. Duhan, “Agro-industrial wastes and their utilization using solid state fermentation: A review,” Bioresources and Bioprocessing, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2018.
Z.M. Salleh, N.Y. Yahya, M.A.S. Nasarudin, and D.N. Herman, “Transesterification of used frying oil by activated banana peels waste catalyst for biodiesel production,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 57, pp. 1235–1240, 2022.
M. Gregory, “Palm oil production, consumption and trade patterns: The outlook from an EU perspective,” FERN, Brussels, Belgium, 2022.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, “Palm Oil Explorer,” 2023. https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/cropview/-commodityView.aspx?cropid=4243000 (accessed Nov. 19, 2023).
Y.W. Cheng, C.C. Chong, M.K. Lam et al., “Holistic process evaluation of non-conventional palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment technologies: A conceptual and comparative review,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 409, p. 124964, 2021.
Malaysian Palm Oil Board, “Overview of the Malaysian Oil Palm Industry,” 2023.
S.I.S. Bahri, A.S. Ariffin, and S. Mohtar, “Critical review on food security in Malaysia for Broiler Industry,” International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 869–876, 2019.
H. Belkhanchi, Y. Ziat, M. Hammi, and O. Ifguis, “Formulation, optimization of a poultry feed and analysis of spectrometry, biochemical composition and energy facts,” South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 44, pp. 31–41, 2023.
Malaysian Investment Development Authority, “Animal feed - A critical component in the global food chain,” 2023. https://www.mida.gov.my/animal-feed-a-critical-component-in-the-global-food-chain/ (accessed Nov. 19, 2023).
N.K.E. Suwitari, L. Suariani, N.M. Yudiastari, N. Kaca, and Y. Tonga, “Performance of 0-14 weeks-aged super free-range hens that are fed by fermented coconut pulp flour-contained ration,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1402, no. 5, pp. 1–7, 2019.
F.O. Libatique, “Growth performance, blood dynamics and sensory characteristics of broilers fed with Madre de Agua (Trichanthera gigantea) Leaf Meal,” The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2021.
Y.L. Kuan, “Rising concerns over food security,” The Star, 2022. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/-2022/11/15/rising-concerns-over-food-security (accessed Jan. 11, 2023).
Richi, “What is complete feed pelleting plant production process of making animal feed pellet?" RICHI, 2023. https://www.cn-pellet.com/faq/1274.html (accessed Nov. 19, 2023).
A. Machinery, “Livestock feed pellets processing technology & equipment – Buy high quality livestock feed pellet machine for feed pellet making,” https://www.feedpelletplants.com/livestock-feed-pellets-processing-technology.html (accessed Nov. 19, 2023).
S. Nematbakhsh, J. Selamat, L.H. Idris, A. Faizal, and A. Razis, “Chicken authentication and discrimination via live weight, body size, carcass traits, and breast muscle fat content clustering as affected by breed and sex varieties in Malaysia,” vol. 10, no. 7, p. 1575, 2021.
M. Buzala and B. Janicki, “Review: Effects of different growth rates in broiler breeder and layer hens on some productive traits,” Poultry Science, vol. 95, no. 9, pp. 2151–2159, 2016.
R. Halim, R.M. Ramli, N.C. Mat, C.R. Hadi, N.A. Abu Bakar, and A.A. Aziz, “Highly digestible palm kernel cake (PKC) for animal feed,” Malaysian Palm Oil Board, vol. 758, pp.1-4, 2017.
G. Borreani, E. Tabacco, R.J. Schmidt, B.J. Holmes, and R.E. Muck, “Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages,” Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 101, no. 5, pp. 3952–3979, 2018.
I.C. Okoli, “Oil palm tree wastes 1: Oil Processing and waste production,” Research Tapioca, 2020. https://researchtropica.com/oil-palm-tree-wastes-1-oil-processing-and-waste-production/ (accessed Nov. 19, 2023).
C.L. Boechat, A.M. de S. Arauco, R.M. Duda, A.F.S. de Sena, M.E.L. de Souza, and A.C.C. Brito, “Solid waste in agricultural soils: An approach based on environmental principles, human health, and food security,” Solid Waste Management Rural Areas, pp.81-102, 2017.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.