Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and physical characteristics of biodegradable plastics of banana peel (Musa Paradisiaca) mixed tapioca starch

Izzah Aqilah Ariffin; N. Marsi; N. A. Huzaisham; A. Z. M. Rus; A. M. Said

doi:10.15282/jmes.18.3.2024.3.0800

Authors

I. A. Ariffin Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Hub Pendidikan Pagoh, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Pagoh, Muar, Johor, Malaysia
N. Marsi Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Hub Pendidikan Pagoh, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Pagoh, Muar, Johor, Malaysia
N. A. Huzaisham Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Hub Pendidikan Pagoh, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Pagoh, Muar, Johor, Malaysia
A. Z. M. Rus Advanced Manufacturing and Material Center, Institute of Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
A. M. Said Angkasa Kowaris Plastics Sdn Bhd, Lot 15796, Block A & B, Jalan Kebun Tambahan, Seksyen 32, 40460 Shah Alam, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.18.3.2024.3.0800

Keywords:

Banana peel, Tapioca starch, Biodegradable, FTIR, Density, Porosity

Abstract

Bioplastics have become a subject of interest for numerous purposes, such as food packaging and biomedical applications. Synthetic plastic takes around 100 years to degrade due to its hydrophobic nature. The objective of this study was to identify the physical properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS)/ banana peel (BP) at eight different concentrations of banana peel (BP), namely 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 25 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 35 wt.% and 40 wt.%. BPs were cleaned, oven-dried at 70 ℃, and ground into a particle size of 0.23 ± 0.02 mm. BP extract was obtained through the maceration process to develop eight different concentrations of TPS/BP. The bioplastic characteristics regarding physical properties were presented using FTIR analysis, SEM analysis, density, and porosity tests. The resulting FTIR spectra revealed a similar pattern. However, the peak at 2853.5 revealed the presence of BP extracts with a slightly sharper spectrum. The 40 wt.% TPS/BP indicated uneven surface and the presence of predominant elements of Mg, Na, Ca, and Fe, with values of 1.04%, 7.82%, 14.10%, and 7.52%, respectively. The 0 wt. % TPS/BP showed the highest degradation rate of 1.89 g and density of 1.32 But the lowest porosity of 0.09%. The TPS/BP biodegradable plastic has provided significant good physical properties to replace other synthetic polymers.

References

P. S. Michel Devadoss, P. Agamuthu, S. B. Mehran, C. Santha, S. H. Fauziah, “Implications of municipal solid waste management on greenhouse gas emissions in Malaysia and the way forward,” Waste Management, vol. 119, pp. 135–144, 2021.

K. M. Cheng, J. Y. Tan, S. Y. Wong, A. C. Koo and E. A. Sharji, “A review of future household waste management for sustainable environment in Malaysian cities,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 11, p. 6517, 2022.

H. Kamaruddin, Maskun, F. Patittingi, H. Assidiq, S. N. Bachril, N. H. Al Mukarramah, “Legal aspect of plastic waste management in Indonesia and Malaysia: Addressing marine plastic debris,” Sustainability., vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1–17, 2022.

L. A. Ghani, “Exploring the municipal solid waste management via MFA-SAA approach in Terengganu, Malaysia,” Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, vol. 12, p. 100144, 2021.

N. AlQattan, M. Acheampong, F. M. Jaward, F. C. Ertem, N. Vijayakumar, T. Bello, “Reviewing the potential of Waste-to-Energy (WTE) technologies for Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) numbers seven and eleven,” Renewable Energy Focus, vol. 27, pp. 97–110, 2018.

C. Chen, A. Chaudhary, A. Mathys, “Nutritional and environmental losses embedded in global food waste,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 160, p. 104912, 2020.

R. Pajura, “Composting municipal solid waste and animal manure in response to the current fertilizer crisis - a recent review,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 912, p. 169221, 2024.

J. H. Song, R. J. Murphy, R. Narayan, G. B. H. Davies, “Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 364, pp. 2127–2139, 2009.

A. El Barnossi, F. Moussaid, A. Iraqi Housseini, “Tangerine, banana and pomegranate peels valorisation for sustainable environment: A review,” Biotechnology Reports, vol. 29, p. e00574, 2021.

N. F. M. Bakri, Z. Ishak, A. Z. Jusoh, H. Hadijah, “Quantification of nutritional composition and some antinutrient factors of banana peels and pineapple skins,” Asian Food Science Journal, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1–10, 2020.

N. A. Huzaisham, N. Marsi, “Utilization of banana (Musa paradisiaca) peel as bioplastic for planting bag application,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 108–118, 2020.

H. Mohd Zaini, J. Roslan, S. Saallah, E. Munsu, N. S. Sulaiman, W. Pindi, “Banana peels as a bioactive ingredient and its potential application in the food industry,” Journal of Functional Foods, vol. 92, p. 105054, 2022.

C. A. Saputri, F. A. Julyatmojo, Harmiansyah, M. Febrina, M. Mahardika, S. Maulana, “Characteristics of bioplastics prepared from cassava starch reinforced with banana bunch cellulose at various concentrations,” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 1309, no. 1, p.012006, 2024.

T. Narancic, F. Cerrone, N. Beagan, K. E. O’Connor, “Recent advances in bioplastics: Application and biodegradation,” Polymers, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 920, 2020.

F. Razza, F. D. Innocenti, A. Dobon, C. Aliaga, C. Sanchez, M. Hortal, “Environmental profile of a bio-based and biodegradable foamed packaging prototype in comparison with the current benchmark,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 102, pp. 493–500, 2015.

J. G. Rosenboom, R. Langer, G. Traverso, “Bioplastics for a circular economy,” Nature Reviews Materials, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 117–137, 2022.

A. P. Thomas, V. P. Kasa, B. K. Dubey, R. Sen, A. K. Sarmah, “Synthesis and commercialization of bioplastics: Organic waste as a sustainable feedstock,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 904, p. 167243, 2023.

I. A. Arifin, N. Marsi, A. Z. M. Rus, I. I. Jamal, A. M. Said, “Biodegradable, physical and mechanical characteristics of banana peel (Musa Paradisiaca) for bio-plastics polymer composites,” Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics, vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2024.

S. P. Bangar, W. S. Whiteside, A. O. Ashogbon, M. Kumar, “Recent advances in thermoplastic starches for food packaging: A review,” Food Packaging and Shelf Life, vol. 30, p. 100743, 2021.

T. Jiang, Q. Duan, J. Zhu, H. Liu, L. Yu, “Advanced industrial and engineering polymer research starch-based biodegradable materials : Challenges and opportunities,” Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 8–18, 2020.

N. A. Huzaisham, N. Marsi A. Z. Muhd Rus, S. R. Masrol, S. Mahmood, N. M. Main, et al., "Application of waste banana peels for wastewater treatment: a review," Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 596-602, 2020.

P. Singh, V. K. Pandey, R. Singh, K. Singh, K. K. Dash, S. Malik, “Unveiling the potential of starch-blended biodegradable polymers for substantializing the eco-friendly innovations,” Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, vol. 15, pp. 8-18, 2024.

G. F. Schutz, S. de Ávila Gonçalves, R. M. V. Alves, R. P. Vieira, “A review of starch-based biocomposites reinforced with plant fibers,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 261, p. 129916, 2024.

T. D. Moshood, G. Nawanir, F. Mahmud, F. Mohamad, M. H. Ahmad, A. AbdulGhani, “Sustainability of biodegradable plastics: New problem or solution to solve the global plastic pollution?,” Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, vol. 5, p. 100273, 2022.

P. Gupta, B. Toksha, M. Rahaman, “A review on biodegradable packaging films from vegetative and food waste,” Chemical Record, vol. 22, no. 7, p. e202100326, 2022.

D. K. Selvaraj, F. J. G. Silva, R. D. S. G. Campilho, A. Baptista, G. F. L. Pinto, “Influence of the natural additive on natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite,” Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 38, pp. 1121–1129, 2019.

T. D. Moshood, G. Nawanir, F. Mahmud, F. Mohamad, M. H. Ahmad, A. AbdulGhani, “Biodegradable plastic applications towards sustainability: A recent innovations in the green product,” Cleaner Engineering and Technology, vol. 6, p. 100404, 2022.

A. Samir, F. H. Ashour, A. A. A. Hakim, M. Bassyouni, “Recent advances in biodegradable polymers for sustainable applications,” npj Materials Degradation, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 1-28, 2022.

P. Rychter, M. Kot, K. Bajer, D. Rogacz, A. Šišková, J. Kapus̈niak, “Utilization of starch films plasticized with urea as fertilizer for improvement of plant growth,” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 137, pp. 127–138, 2016.

V. Kumar, P. Chakraborty, P. Janghu, M. Umesh, S. Sarojini, R. Pasrija, et al., “Potential of banana based cellulose materials for advanced applications: A review on properties and technical challenges,” Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, vol. 6, p. 100366, 2023.

A. Karimah, M. R. Ridho, S. S. Munawar, D. S. Adi, R. Damayanti, B. Subiyanto, et al., “A review on natural fibers for development of eco-friendly bio-composite: Characteristics, and utilizations,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 13, pp. 2442–2458, 2021.

D. Merino, A. I. Quilez-Molina, G. Perotto, A. Bassani, G. Spigno, A. Athanassiou, “A second life for fruit and vegetable waste: a review on bioplastic films and coatings for potential food protection applications,” Green Chemistry, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 4703–4727, 2022.

W. Abotbina, S. M. Sapuan, M. T. H. Sultan, M. F. M. Alkbir, R. A. Ilyas, “Effect of black seed fiber, on the physical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, and biodegradation properties of cornstarch-based biocomposites,” Fibers and Polymers, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 681–692, 2023.

P. Maithil, P. Gupta, M. L. Chandravanshi, “Study of mechanical properties of the natural-synthetic fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite,” in Materials Today: Proceedings, pp. 1–7, 2023.

R. Ravindra Raju, P. Mario D’souza, R. N. Aalam, “Formulation and utilization of biodegradable mulch films and a design considerations of mulch film laying machine – A review,” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 187–199, 2022.

H. Ma, W. Qin, B. Guo, P. Li, “Effect of plant tannin and glycerol on thermoplastic starch: Mechanical, structural, antimicrobial and biodegradable properties,” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 295, p. 119869, 2022.

H. F. Chhatariya, S. Srinivasan, P. M. Choudhary, S. S. Begum, “Corn starch biofilm reinforced with orange peel powder: Characterization of physicochemical and mechanical properties,” in Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 59, pp. 884–892, 2022.

M. M. Reza, H. A. Begum, A. J. Uddin, “Potentiality of sustainable corn starch-based biocomposites reinforced with cotton filter waste of spinning mill,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 5, p. e15697, 2023.

P. Verma, R. Rani, D. Das, K. K. Rai, P. Gogoi, L. S. Badwaik, “Transformation of banana peel into biodegradable film added with starch and carboxymethyl cellulose and its characterization,” Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, vol. 37, p. 101356, 2023.

T. Saepoo, S. Sarak, J. Mayakun, T. Eksomtramage, K. Kaewtatip, “Thermoplastic starch composite with oil palm mesocarp fiber waste and its application as biodegradable seeding pot,” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 299, p. 120221, 2023.

A. Edhirej, S. M. Sapuan, M. Jawaid, N. I. Zahari, “Preparation and characterization of cassava bagasse reinforced thermoplastic cassava starch,” Fibers and Polymers, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 162–171, 2017.

T. A. Sial, M. N. Khan, Z. Lan, F. Kumbhar, Z. Ying, J. Zhang, et al., “Contrasting effects of banana peels waste and its biochar on greenhouse gas emissions and soil biochemical properties,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 122, pp. 366–377, 2019.

N. Z. M. Zuhudi, A. F. Zulkifli, M. Zulkifli, A. N. A. Yahaya, N. M. Nur, K. D. M. Aris, “Void and moisture content of fiber reinforced composites,” Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 78–93, 2021.

J. Ferreira, K. Tkacz, I. P. Turkiewicz, M. I. Santos, A. Belas, A. Lima, et al., “Influence of particle size and extraction methods on phenolic content and biological activities of pear pomace,” Foods, vol. 12, no. 23, p. 4325, 2023.

M. Zhang, J. Zhao, X. Dai, X. Li, “Extraction and analysis of chemical compositions of natural products and plants,” Separations, vol. 10, no. 12, p. 598, 2023.

D. Briassoulis, A. Pikasi, N. G. Papardaki, A. Mistriotis, “Aerobic biodegradation of bio-based plastics in the seawater/sediment interface (sublittoral) marine environment of the coastal zone – Test method under controlled laboratory conditions,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 722, p. 137748, 2020.

T. Cecchi, “Mechanical characterization of biobased products from food waste,” in Biobased Products from Food Sector Waste, pp. 313–322, 2021.

V. G. Kiran, A. K. Varsha, M. Vijayalaksmi, M. Anisha, N. Vigneshwari, M. Gokul, et al., “Synthesis and characterization of banana peel starch-based bioplastic for making intra venous tubes,” SSRN Electronic Journal, pp. 1-14, 2022.

H. A. Al-Kaisy, R. A. H. Issa, N. K. Faheed, Q. A. Hamad, “Enhancing the biocompatibility of titanium implants with chitosan-alginate bio-composite coatings reinforced with HAP and ZnO,” Revue des Composites et des Materiaux Avances, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 125–132, 2024.

K. E. Ojaomo, S. Samion, M. Z. M. Yusop, U. Abidin, Z. Paiman, “Effect of tert-butylhydroquinone on tribological performance of palm oil lubricant and aluminium plate using linear reciprocating tribometer,” Jurnal Tribologi, vol. 39, pp. 143–156, 2023.

N. A. Huzaisham, “The characterization of thermoplastic starch (TPS) reinforced with banana peel (BP) Polymer composites,” Master Thesis, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia, 2021.

M. P. Mudoi, S. Sinha, V. Parthasarthy, “Himalayan nettle fiber-reinforced polymer composite: A physical, mechanical, and thermal analysis,” in Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, pp. 1-20,2023.

H. Singh, A. Kumar Verma, A. Kumar Trivedi, M. K. Gupta, “Characterization of nanocellulose isolated from bamboo fibers,” in Materials Today: Proceedings, pp. 1-6, 2023.

V. G. Kiran, A. K. Varsha, M. Vijayalaksmi, G. Vishnuvarthanan, M. Anisha, M. Gokul, et al., “Synthesis and characterization of banana peel starch-based bioplastic for intravenous tubes preparation,” Materials Today Communications, vol. 33, pp. 1–10, 2022.

W. Du, Y. Kuan, S. Kuo, “Intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding in miscible blends of CO2/Epoxy cyclohexene copolymer with poly (Vinyl Phenol),” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 23, no. 13, p. 7018, 2022.

Z. N. Diyana, R. Jumaidin, M. Z. Selamat, I. Chazali, N. Julmohammad, N. Huda, et al., “Physical properties of thermoplastic starch derived from natural resources and its blends: A review,” Polymers, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 5–20, 2021.

J. Y. Boey, C. K. Lee, G. S. Tay, “Factors affecting mechanical properties of reinforced bioplastics: A review,” Polymers, vol. 14, no. 18, p. 3737, 2022.

U. Fathanah, M. R. Lubis, F. Nasution, M. S. Masyawi, “Characterization of bioplastic based from cassava crisp home industrial waste incorporated with chitosan and liquid smoke,” in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 334, no. 1, p. 012073, 2018.

S. Huang, Q. Fu, L. Yan, B. Kasal, “Characterization of interfacial properties between fibre and polymer matrix in composite materials – A critical review,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 13, pp. 1441–1484, 2021.

A. Bin Rashid, M. Haque, S. M. M. Islam, K. M. R. Uddin Labib, “Nanotechnology-enhanced fiber-reinforced polymer composites: Recent advancements on processing techniques and applications,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 2, p. e24692, 2024.

S. A. Siddiqui, X. Yang, R. K. Deshmukh, K. K. Gaikwad, N. A. Bahmid, R. Castro-Muñoz, “Recent advances in reinforced bioplastics for food packaging – A critical review,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 263, p. 130399, 2024.

L. G. Aryaswara, M. Kusni, D. Wijanarko, M. A. Muflikhun, “Advanced properties and failure characteristics of hybrid GFRP-matrix thin laminates modified by micro glass powder filler for hard structure applications,” Journal of Engineering Research, pp. 1-14, 2024.