Plastic anisotropic and damage evolution analysis of recycled aluminium alloy AA6061 at high rate of strain

C. S. Ho; M. K. Mohd Nor; M. A. Ab Rani; N. Ma'at; M. T. Hameed Sultan; M. A. Lajis

doi:10.15282/jmes.14.4.2020.23.0597

Authors

C. S. Ho Crashworthiness and Collisions Research Group (COLORED), Mechanical Failure Prevention and Reliability Research Centre (MPROVE), Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
M. K. Mohd Nor Crashworthiness and Collisions Research Group (COLORED), Mechanical Failure Prevention and Reliability Research Centre (MPROVE), Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
M. A. Ab Rani Crashworthiness and Collisions Research Group (COLORED), Mechanical Failure Prevention and Reliability Research Centre (MPROVE), Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
N. Ma'at Crashworthiness and Collisions Research Group (COLORED), Mechanical Failure Prevention and Reliability Research Centre (MPROVE), Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
M. T. Hameed Sultan Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
M. A. Lajis Sustainable Manufacturing and Recycling Technology (SMART), Advanced Manufacturing, and Material Centre (AMMC), Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.14.4.2020.23.0597

Keywords:

Recycled aluminium alloy, Taylor cylinder impact test, high-velocity impact, anisotropic-damage, progression

Abstract

Aluminium alloys have been widely used in many applications, and its usage is increasing yearly due to its distinctive properties. Nevertheless, it required high energy consumption and pollution during the production of primary sources. This leads to the attention in producing secondary sources to substitute the primary aluminium. Recycling of aluminium alloys adopted in automotive structures is a great option to save thousands of energy and prevent tons of CO₂ from being released to the atmosphere. Numerous investigations must be conducted to establish the mechanical behaviour before the specific applications can be identified. However, there is a challenge for such recycled aluminium to achieve the same application as the primary sources due to material properties degradation related to damage. It is still an open study area to be explored for a better understanding of the behaviours of recycled aluminium. Thus, in this work, the Taylor Cylinder Impact test is used to investigate anisotropic-damage behaviour of recycled aluminium alloy AA6061 undergoing high-velocity impact from 190m/s to 300 m/s using two length-to-diameter (L/D) ratios. The recovered samples are observed under an optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). A strong strain rate dependency can be seen as the damage evolution is increasing as the impact velocity increase. Further, the corresponding digitized footprints analysis exhibit plastic anisotropic and localized plastic strain in such recycled material. This can be clearly observed from the development of a non-symmetrical footprint within the impact surface. This test is the first to explore the deformation behaviour of recycled materials using high-velocity cylinder impact in a high rate of strain deformation regime.

References

N. K. Yusuf, M. A. Lajis, and A. Ahmad, “Hot Press as a Sustainable Direct Recycling Technique of Aluminium : Mechanical Properties and Surface Integrity,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 10, no. 8, p. 902, 2017.

J. Hirsch, B. Skrotzki, and G. Gottstein, Aluminium Alloys: The Physical and Mechacnial Properties, Volume 1, 1st ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008.

S. N. A. Rahim, M. A. Lajis, and S. Ariffin, “Effect of Extrusion Speed and Temperature on Hot Extrusion Process of 6061 Aluminum Alloy Chip,” ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 2272–2277, 2016.

A. Ahmad, M. A. Lajis, N. K. Yusuf, and A. Wagiman, “Hot Press Forging as the Direct Recycling Technique of Aluminium - A Review,” ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 2258–2265, 2016.

A. Ahmad, M. A. Lajis, N. K. Yusuf, S. Shamsudin, and Z. W. Zhong, “Parametric Optimisation of Heat Treated Recycling Aluminium ( AA6061 ) by Response Surface Methodology,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2017, vol. 1885, no. 1, pp. 1–7.

E. Tillová, M. Chalupová, and L. Hurtalová, “Evolution of Phases in a Recycled Al-Si Cast Alloy during Solution Treatment,” in Scanning Electron Microscopy, V. Kazmiruk, Ed. IntechOpen, 2012, pp. 411–438.

S. Castagne, A. Habraken, and S. Cescotto, “Application of a Damage Model to an Aluminium Alloy,” International Journal of Damage Mechanics., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 5–30, 2003.

B. Wan, W. Chen, T. Lu, F. Liu, Z. Jiang, and M. Mao, “Review of Solid State Recycling of Aluminum Chips,” Resources, Conservation & Recycling, vol. 125, pp. 37–47, 2017.

A. Balasundaram, A. M. Gokhale, S. Graham, and M. F. Horstemeyer, “Three-dimensional Particle Cracking Damage Development in an Al-Mg-base Wrought Alloy,” Materials Science and Engineering: A vol. 355, no. 1–2, pp. 368–383, 2003.

M. D. Furnish and L. C. Chhabildas, “Alumina Strength Degradation in the Elastic Regime,” AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 429, no. 1, pp. 501–504, 1998.

R. Minich, J. Cazamias, M. Jumar, and A. Schwartz, “Effect of Microstructural Length Scales on Spall Behaviour of Copper,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 2663–2673, 2004.

J. D. Colvin, R. W. Minich, and D. H. Kalantar, “A model for plasticity kinetics and its role in simulating the dynamic behavior of Fe at high strain rates,” International Journal of Plasticity, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 603–611, 2009.

G. I. Kanel, E. B. Zaretsky, A. M. Rajendran, S. V. Razorenov, A. S. Savinykh, and V. Paris, “Search for Conditions of Compressive Fracture of Hard Brittle Ceramics at Impact Loading,” International Journal of Plasticity, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 649–670, 2009.

A. S. Khan and C. S. Meredith, “Thermo-Mechanical Response of Al 6061 with and without Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP),” International Journal of Plasticity, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 189–203, 2010.

E. B. Zaretsky and G. I. Kanel, “Plastic Flow in Shock-Loaded Silver at Strain Rates from 10^4 s^-1 to 10^7 s^-1 and Temperature from 296 K to 1233 K,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 110, no. 7, p. 073502, 2011.

C. S. Meredith and A. S. Khan, “Texture Evolution and Anisotropy in the Thermo-Mechanical Response of UFG Ti Processed via Equal Channel Angular Pressing,” J. Plast., vol. 30–31, pp. 202–217, 2012.

A. S. Khan, R. Kazmi, and B. Farrokh, “Multiaxial and Non-proportional Loading Responses, Anisotropy and Modeling of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy Over Wide Ranges of Strain Rates and Temperatures,” International Journal of Plasticity, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 931–950, 2007.

M. K. M. Nor, R. Vignjevic, and J. Campbell, “Modelling of Shockwave Propagation in Orthotropic Materials,” Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 315, pp. 557–561, 2013.

V. Panov, “Modelling of Behaviour of Metals at High Strain Rates,” Ph.D. Thesis, Cranfield University, 2006.

C. S. Ho et al., “Characterization of Anisotropic Damage Behaviour of Recycled Aluminium Alloys AA6061 Undergoing High Velocity Impact,” International Journal of Integrated Engineering, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 247–256, 2019.

C. A. Acosta, C. Hernandez, and A. Maranon, “Validation of Material Constitutive Parameters for the AISI 1010 Steel from Taylor Impact Tests,” Materials & Design, vol. 110, pp. 324–331, 2016.

G. Taylor, “The Use of Flat-Ended Projectiles for Determining Dynamic Yield Stress. II. Tests on Various Metallic Materials,” Proceedings of The Royal Society A Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 194, no. 1038, pp. 300–322, 1948.

P. J. Maudlin, J. F. Bingert, J. W. House, and S. R. Chen, “On the Modeling of the Taylor Cylinder Impact Test for Orthotropic Textured Materials: Experiments and Simulations,” International Journal of Plasticity., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 139–166, 1999.

H. Lim, J. D. Carroll, C. C. Battaile, S. R. Chen, A. P. Moore, and J. M. D. Lane, “Anisotropy and Strain Localization in Dynamic Impact Experiments of Tantalum Single Crystals,” New Mexico, USA, 2018.

S. Chakraborty, A. Shaw, and B. Banerjee, “An Axisymmetric Model for Taylor Impact Test and Estimation of Metal Plasticity,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A, vol. 471, p. 20140556, 2015.

K. G. Rakvåg, T. Børvik, I. Westermann, and O. S. Hopperstad, “An Experimental Study on the Deformation and Fracture Modes of Steel Projectiles during Impact,” Materials & Design., vol. 51, pp. 242–256, 2013.

K. G. Rakvåg, T. Børvik, and O. S. Hopperstad, “A Numerical Study on the Deformation and Fracture Modes of Steel Projectiles during Taylor Bar Impact Tests,” International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 51, no. 3–4, pp. 808–821, 2014.

A. Ahmad, M. A. Lajis, and N. K. Yusuf, “On the Role of Processing Parameters in Producing Recycled Aluminum AA6061 Based Metal Matrix,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 10, no. 1098, pp. 1–15, 2017.