Whole Genome Sequencing of Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Stool Sample of a Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer Patient in Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15282/cst.v4i2.11856Keywords:
Whole genome sequencing, Estrobolome, Estrogen, Breast cancer, Enterococcus faecalisAbstract
Breast cancer stands as a formidable and prevalent cause of mortality among women in Malaysia, prompting rigorous research into potential contributors to its development. Given the well-established association between gut microbiota and various forms of cancer, a particular focus has been placed on exploring the role of Enterococcus in breast cancer pathogenesis. Several studies have identified Enterococcus as a significant component of the estrobolome, the collection of gut microbiota involved in the metabolism of estrogens. This association has garnered attention due to its potential link to breast cancer. The estrobolome's role in modulating estrogen levels in the body suggests that Enterococcus could influence breast cancer risk by affecting estrogen homeostasis. Thus, this study endeavours to unravel the potential implications of Enterococcus faecalis in breast cancer by delving into its genome and decoding gene functions through bioinformatics analysis. Whole genome sequencing emerged as the methodological linchpin, revealing a distinctive gene expression profile within Enterococcus faecalis. The size of draft genome sequenced was found to be 2.8Mb, with a GC content of 37.7%, and 4430 protein coding sequences were detected within the genome. Notably, the bacterium sequence subjected to gene annotation exhibited an expression of β-glucosidase, an enzyme intricately involved in the deconjugation of estrogen. While these findings underscore the plausible contribution of Enterococcus faecalis to breast cancer, a considerable knowledge gap persists regarding the genetic variations within specific strains of this bacterium. As such, a more nuanced and comprehensive exploration is warranted to bridge this existing gap in our understanding.
References
N. E. Mahno, D. D. Tay, N. S. Khalid, A. S. M. Yassim, N. S. Alias, S. A. Termizi, et al., “The relationship between gut microbiome estrobolome and breast cancer: A systematic review of current evidences,” Indian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 1-19, 2023.
[2] N. X. Thang, S. Yoo, H. La, H. Lee, C. Park, K. S. Park, et al., “Epigenetic factors as etiological agents, diagnostic markers, and therapeutic targets for luminal breast cancer,” Biomedicines, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 748, 2022.
[3] S. Viswanathan, S. Parida, B. T. Lingipilli, R. Krishnan, D. R. Podipireddy, and N. Muniraj, “Role of gut microbiota in breast cancer and drug resistance,” Pathogens, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 468, 2023.
[4] J. J. Goedert, G. Jones, X. Hua, X. Xu, G. Yu, R. Flores, et al., “Investigation of the association between the fecal microbiota and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: A population-based case-control pilot study,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 107, no. 8, p. djv147, 2015.
[5] N. S. Abd Khalid, N. E. Mahno, D. D. Tay, H. F. Ahmad, J. Kasian, A. F. Othman, et al., “IDDF2022-ABS-0263 Gut microbiome of women diagnosed with breast cancer within Pahang, Malaysia,” Gut, vol. 71, p. A175 LP-A177, 2022.
[6] M. Kwa, C. S. Plottel, M. J. Blaser, and S. Adams, “The intestinal microbiome and estrogen receptor-positive female breast cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 108, no. 8, p. djw029, 2016.
[7] R. L. Bechshøft, S. Reitelseder, G. Højfeldt, J. L. Castro-Mejía, B. Khakimov, H. F. B. Ahmad, et al., “Counteracting age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass: A clinical and ethnological trial on the role of protein supplementation and training load (CALM Intervention Study): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial,” Trials, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 397, 2016.
[8] T. Jensen, R. L. Bechshoeft, D. Giacalone, M. H. Otto, J. Castro-Mejía, H. F. B. Ahmad, et al., “Whey protein stories – An experiment in writing a multidisciplinary biography,” Appetite, vol. 107, pp. 285–294, 2016.
[9] D. D. Tay, S. W. Siew, S. Shamzir Kamal, M. N. Razali, and H. F. Ahmad, “ITS1 amplicon sequencing of feline gut mycobiome of Malaysian local breeds using Nanopore Flongle,” Archives of Microbiology, vol. 204, no. 6, p. 314, 2022.
[10] Z. U. Afeera, N. Mohamad Zain, J. Arumugam, N. Kamarudin, M. A. Zainal Abidin, et al., “Near-complete whole-genome sequencing of two burkholderia pseudomallei strains harbouring novel molecular class D beta-lactamase genes, isolated from Malaysia,” Microbiology Resource Announcements, vol. 11, no. 10, p. e00468-22, 2022.
[11] M. Y. Choo, S. W. Siew, N. S.-A. Abdullah, M. A. N. Muhammad, and H. F. Ahmad, “Complete whole genome sequencing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain UMP001VA, isolated from sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota from Malaysia harbouring blaCARB-33 gene,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 75, pp. 68–73, 2023.
[12] S. N. Soffian, M. I. H. Nasharudin, R. A. Ruzaidi, A. N. F. Mohd Anera, W. A. W. Hashim, M. S. Ismail, et al., “Whole genome sequencing of bovine Pasteurella multocida type B isolated from haemorrhagic septicaemia during 2020 major outbreak in East Coast, Malaysia,” In AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2682, no. 1, p. 050011, 2023.
[13] M. S. Munirah, S. S. Wei, T. D. Dean, and A. H. Fauzan, “Near-complete whole-genome sequence of paenibacillus sp. nov. Strain J5C2022, a Sucretolerant and endospore-forming bacterium isolated from highly concentrated sugar brine,” Microbiol. Resour. Announc., vol. 12, no. 4, p. e01055-22, 2023.
[14] S. W. Siew, C. M. Yen, I. P. G. Marshall, H. Abd Hamid, S. S. Kamal, D. S. Nielsen, et al., “Gut microbiome and metabolome of sea cucumber (Stichopus ocellatus) as putative markers for monitoring the marine sediment pollution in Pahang, Malaysia,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 182, p. 114022, 2022.
[15] S. W. Siew, S. M. Musa, N. ‘Azyyati Sabri, M. F. Farida Asras, and H. F. Ahmad, “Evaluation of pre-treated healthcare wastes during COVID-19 pandemic reveals pathogenic microbiota, antibiotics residues, and antibiotic resistance genes against beta-lactams,” Environmental Research, vol. 219, p. 115139, 2023.
[16] Z. U. Afeera, S. S. Wei, M. S. Munirah, S. S. Nellisa, P. Petrick, and A. H. Fauzan, “Whole-genome sequence of a Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate from tap water in an intensive care unit,” Microbiology Resource Announcements, vol. 12, no. 2, p. e00995-22, 2023.
[17] W. Walters, E. R. Hyde, D. Berg-Lyons, G. Ackermann, G. Humphrey, A. Parada, et al., “Improved bacterial 16S rRNA gene (V4 and V4-5) and fungal internal transcribed spacer marker gene primers for microbial community surveys,” Msystems, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 10-1128, 2015.
[18] S. Filardo, M. D. Pietro, and R. Sessa, “Current progresses and challenges for microbiome research in human health: a perspective,” Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol. 14, p. 1377012, 2024.
[19] Barkha Madhogaria, P. Bhowmik, and A. Kundu, “Correlation between human gut microbiome and diseases,” Infectious Medicine, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 180–191, 2022.
[20] G. Bernardo, V. Le Noci, M. Di Modica, E. Montanari, T. Triulzi, S. M. Pupa, et al., “The emerging role of the microbiota in breast cancer progression,” Cells, vol. 12, no. 15, pp. 1945–1945, 2023.
[21] J. R. Lakritz, T. Poutahidis, S. Mirabal, B. J. Varian, T. Levkovich, Y. M. Ibrahim, et al., “Gut bacteria require neutrophils to promote mammary tumorigenesis,” Oncotarget, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 9387–9396, 2015.
[22] J. Russo and I. H. Russo, “The role of estrogen in the initiation of breast cancer,” The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 102, no. 1–5, pp. 89–96, 2006.
[23] J. Russo, R. Moral, G. A. Balogh, D. Mailo, and I. H. Russo, “The protective role of pregnancy in breast cancer,” Breast Cancer Research, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1-12, 2005.
[24] X. Li, J. Yang, L. Peng, A. A. Sahin, L. Huo, K. C. Ward, et al., “Triple-negative breast cancer has worse overall survival and cause-specific survival than non-triple-negative breast cancer,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 279–287, 2016.
[25] N. I. Hanafi, A. S. Mohamed, A. Kadir, and M. H. D. Othman, “Overview of bile acids signaling and perspective on the signal of ursodeoxycholic acid, the most hydrophilic bile acid, in the heart,” Biomolecules, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 159–159, 2018.
[26] E. Mikó, A. Vida, T. Kovács, G. Ujlaki, G. Trencsényi, J. Márton, et al., “Lithocholic acid, a bacterial metabolite reduces breast cancer cell proliferation and aggressiveness,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, vol. 1859, no. 9, pp. 958–974, 2018.
[27] N. Garmpis, C. Damaskos, A. Garmpi, E. Kalampokas, T. Kalampokas, E. Spartalis, et al., “Histone deacetylases as new therapeutic targets in triple-negative breast cancer: Progress and promises,” Cancer Genomics & Proteomics, vol. 14, no. 5, 2017.
[28] V. Salimi, M. Shabani, Mitra Nourbakhsh, and Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki, “Involvement of 15-lipoxygenase-1 in the regulation of breast cancer cell death induced by sodium butyrate,” Cytotechnology, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 2519–2528, 2016.
[29] J. Semaan, S. El-Hakim, J.-N. Ibrahim, R. Safi, A. A. Elnar, and C. El Boustany, “Comparative effect of sodium butyrate and sodium propionate on proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells MCF-7,” Breast Cancer, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 696–705, 2020.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.