Combustion noise characterization and optimization of PCCI combustion using response surface methodology

Datta Bharadwaz Yellapragada; A. Swarna Kumari

doi:10.15282/jmes.17.4.2023.4.0768

Authors

Datta Bharadwaz Yellapragada Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Gayatri Vidya parishad College of Engineering (A), Andhra Pradesh, 530048, Visakhapatnam, India. Phone: +91 9581456166, Fax.: +91-891-2739605
A. Swarna Kumari Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Andhra Pradesh,533003, Kakinada, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.17.4.2023.4.0768

Keywords:

PCCI Combustion, Optimization, Design of Experiments, Response surface methodology, FFT analysis, Combustion Noise Level

Abstract

The current work aims at characterizing the premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion with regression-based approach using response surface methodology. PCCI operating parameters such as load, pilot injection timing, main injection timing, pilot injection quantity, exhaust gas recirculation and injection pressure are considered as input variables. Engine performance indicators such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), oxide of nitrogen (NO_x), smoke emissions, combustion phasing and combustion noise metric ringing intensity are considered as output responses. Experimental results validate the optimal solution from response surface methodology approach, and good agreement is found between mathematical models and experimental results. Comparative examination of optimized PCCI combustion versus conventional combustion showed a 66% and 44% decrement in NO_x and smoke emissions. Except for CO and HC emissions, the percentage penalty of other responses with PCCI combustion is less than 10%. In addition to ringing intensity another combustion noise metric combustion noise level is computed from Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis of cylinder pressure trace. A combustion noise level of 73.26 dB is obtained at optimized conditions.

References

A. P. Singh, N. Sharma, V. Kumar, and A. K. Agarwal, “Experimental investigations of mineral diesel/methanol-fueled reactivity-controlled compression ignition engine operated at variable engine loads and premixed ratios,” International Journal of Engine Research, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 2375–2389, 2021.

A. K. Agarwal, A. P. Singh, and R. K. Maurya, “Evolution, challenges and path forward for low temperature combustion engines,” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 61, pp. 1–56, 2017.

C. Berggren and T. Magnusson, “Reducing automotive emissions - The potentials of combustion engine technologies and the power of policy,” Energy Policy, vol. 41, pp. 636–643, 2012.

T. Pachiannan, W. Zhong, S. Rajkumar, Z. He, X. Leng, and Q. Wang, “A literature review of fuel effects on performance and emission characteristics of low-temperature combustion strategies,” Applied Energy, vol. 251, pp. 113-380, 2019.

R. D. Reitz and G. Duraisamy, “Review of high efficiency and clean reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion in internal combustion engines,” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 46, pp. 12–71, 2015.

M. Krishnamoorthi, R. Malayalamurthi, Z. He, and S. Kandasamy, “A review on low temperature combustion engines: Performance, combustion and emission characteristics,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 116, pp. 109-404, 2019.

J. Hwang, Y. Jung, and C. Bae, “Biodiesel PCI combustion for performance and emission improvement in a compression ignition engine,” Energy and Fuels, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1523–1534, 2021.

R. Dijkstra, G. di Blasio, M. Boot, C. Beatrice, and C. Bertoli, “Assessment of the effect of low cetane number fuels on a light duty CI engine: Preliminary experimental characterization in PCCI operating condition,” SAE Technical Paper, no. 2011-24-0053, 2011.

S. K. Pandey, S. R. Sarma Akella, and R. V. Ravikrishna, “Novel fuel injection strategies for PCCI operation of a heavy-duty turbocharged diesel engine,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 143, pp. 883–898, 2018.

S. D’Ambrosio, D. Iemmolo, A. Mancarella, and R. Vitolo, “Preliminary optimization of the PCCI combustion mode in a diesel engine through a design of experiments,” Energy Procedia, vol. 101, pp. 909–916, 2016.

D. B. Yellapragada, G. R. Budda, and K. Vadavelli, “Optimization of injection parameters for ethanol blends of plastic oil in VCR engine using RSM and ANN,” World Journal of Engineering, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 906–919, 2021.

B. Paramasivam, “Fuzzy prediction and RSM optimization of CI engine performance analysis: Aegle marmelos non-edible seed cake pyrolysis oil as a diesel alternative,” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, pp. 1-17, 2020.

Y. Li, M. Jia, X. Han, and X. S. Bai, “Towards a comprehensive optimization of engine efficiency and emissions by coupling artificial neural network (ANN) with genetic algorithm (GA),” Energy, vol. 225, pp. 1203-1231, 2021.

G. Alemayehu, D. Firew, R. B. Nallamothu, A. Wako, and R. Gopal, “Operating parameters optimization for lower emissions in diesel engine with PCCI-DI mode using Taguchi and grey relational analysis,” Heliyon, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 967-969, 2022.

D. Kumar Singh, R. Raj, and J. V. Tirkey, “Performance and emission analysis of triple fuelled CI engine utilizing producer gas, biodiesel and diesel: An optimization study using response surface methodology,” Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 36, pp. 1014-10186, 2022.

D. K. Singh and J. V. Tirkey, “Performance optimization through response surface methodology of an integrated coal gasification and CI engine fuelled with diesel and low-grade coal-based producer gas,” Energy, vol. 238, pp. 1219-1282, 2022.

G. A. Prasad, P. C. Murugan, W. B. Wincy, and S. J. Sekhar, “Response surface methodology to predict the performance and emission characteristics of gas-diesel engine working on producer gases of non-uniform calorific values,” Energy, vol. 234, pp. 1212-1225, 2021.

C. Srinidhi, A. Madhusudhan, S. V. Channapattana, S. V. Gawali, and K. Aithal, “RSM based parameter optimization of CI engine fuelled with nickel oxide dosed Azadirachta indica methyl ester,” Energy, vol. 234, pp. 1212-1282, 2021.

Y. Liu and R. D. Reitz, “Optimizing HSDI Diesel Combustion and Emissions Using Multiple Injection Strategies,” SAE Technical Paper, no. 2005-01-0212, 2005.

S. D’Ambrosio and A. Ferrari, “Potential of multiple injection strategies implementing the after shot and optimized with the design of experiments procedure to improve diesel engine emissions and performance,” Applied Energy, vol. 155, pp. 933–946, 2015.

N. Khayum, S. Anbarasu, and S. Murugan, “Optimization of fuel injection parameters and compression ratio of a biogas fueled diesel engine using methyl esters of waste cooking oil as a pilot fuel,” Energy, vol. 221, p. 119865, 2021.

Y. Lu, C. Fan, Y. Chen, Y. Liu, and Y. Pei, “Effect of injection strategy optimization on PCCI combustion and emissions under engine speed extension in a heavy-duty diesel engine,” Fuel, vol. 332, p. 126053, 2023.

S. Biswas, D. Kakati, P. Chakraborti, and R. Banerjee, “Performance-emission-stability mapping of CI engine in RCCI-PCCI modes under varying ethanol and CNG induced reactivity profiles: A comparative study through experimental and optimization perspectives,” Energy, vol. 254, p. 124231, 2022.

S. Natarajan, S. A. Shankar, and A. U. M. Sundareswaran, “Early Injected PCCI Engine Fuelled with Bio Ethanol and Diesel Blends - An Experimental Investigation,” Energy Procedia, vol. 105, pp. 358–366,2017.

S. Kook, S. Park, and C. Bae, “Influence of early fuel injection timings on premixing and combustion in a diesel engine,” Energy and Fuels, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 331–337, 2008.

T. Kanda, T. Hakozaki, T. Uchimoto, J. Hatano, N. Kitayama, and H. Sono, “PCCI operation with early injection of conventional diesel fuel,” SAE Technical Paper, no. 2005-01-0378, 2005.

H. M. Kim, Y. J. Kim, and K. H. Lee, “A study of the characteristics of mixture formation and combustion in a PCCI engine using an early multiple injection strategy,” Energy and Fuels, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1542–1548, 2008.

X. Liang, Z. Zheng, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, and H. Yu, “A review of early injection strategy in premixed combustion engines,” Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 9, no. 18, 2019.

S. H. Park, J. Cha, H. J. Kim, and C. S. Lee, “Effect of early injection strategy on spray atomization and emission reduction characteristics in bioethanol blended diesel fueled engine,” Energy, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 375–387, 2012.

R. Stone, Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines, 3rd ed. Red Globe Press London, United Kingdom, 1999.

J. P. Holman, Experimental Methods for Engineers, 8th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, 2012.

A. Dubey, R. S. Prasad, J. Kumar Singh, and A. Nayyar, “Optimization of diesel engine performance and emissions with biodiesel-diesel blends and EGR using response surface methodology (RSM),” Clean Energy Technologies, vol. 8, p. 100509, 2022.

R. Eyjolfsson, Design and Manufacture of Pharmaceutical Tablets: Chapter One - Introduction, Academic Press, Boston, 2015, pp. 1–28.

A. Dubey, R. S. Prasad, J. K. Singh, and A. Nayyar, “Combined effects of biodiesel− ULSD blends and EGR on performance and emissions of diesel engine using Response surface methodology (RSM),” Energy Nexus, vol. 7, p. 100136, 2022.

C. Zhang, Z. Chen, Q. Mei, and J. Duan, “Application of particle swarm optimization combined with response surface methodology to transverse flux permanent magnet motor optimization,” IEEE Transaction on Magnetics, vol. 53, no. 12, 2017.

M. Usman, S. Nomanbhay, M. Y. Ong, M. W. Saleem, M. Irshad, Z. U. Hassan, F. Riaz, M. H. Shah, M. A. Qyyum, M. Lee, and P. L. Show, "Response surface methodology routed optimization of performance of hydroxy gas enriched diesel fuel in compression ignition engines," Processes, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1355, 2021.

J. Hunicz, J. Matijošius, A. Rimkus, A. Kilikevičius, P. Kordos, and M. Mikulski, “Efficient hydrotreated vegetable oil combustion under partially premixed conditions with heavy exhaust gas recirculation,” Fuel, vol. 268, p. 117350, 2020.

A. Jain, A. P. Singh, and A. K. Agarwal, “Effect of fuel injection parameters on combustion stability and emissions of a mineral diesel fueled partially premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine,” Applied Energy, vol. 190, pp. 658–669, 2017.

O. Laguitton, C. Crua, T. Cowell, M. R. Heikal, and M. R. Gold, “The effect of compression ratio on exhaust emissions from a PCCI diesel engine,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 2918–2924, 2007.

V. Manente, B. Johansson, and P. Tunestal, “Partially premixed combustion at high load using gasoline and ethanol, a comparison with diesel,” SAE Technical Paper, no. 2009-01-0944, 2009.

B. T. Tompkins and T. J. Jacobs, “Low-temperature combustion with biodiesel: Its enabling features in improving efficiency and emissions,” Energy and Fuels, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 2794–2803, 2013.

M. Kaiadi, B. Johansson, M. Lundgren, and J. A. Gaynor, “Experimental investigation on different injection strategies for ethanol Partially Premixed Combustion,” SAE Technical Paper, no.2013-01-0281, 2013.

A. P. Singh, A. Jain, and A. K. Agarwal, “Fuel-injection strategy for PCCI engine fueled by mineral diesel and biodiesel blends,” Energy and Fuels, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 8594–8607, 2017.

R. Kiplimo, E. Tomita, N. Kawahara, S. Zhou, and S. Yokobe, “Effects of injection pressure, timing and EGR on combustion and emissions characteristics of diesel PCCI engine,” SAE Technical Paper, no. 2011-01-1769, 2011.

S. Pandey, S. Bhurat, and V. Chintala, “Combustion and emissions behaviour assessment of a partially premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine with diesel and fumigated ethanol,” Energy Procedia, vol. 160, pp. 590–596, 2019.

X. B. Cheng, Y. Y. Hu, F. Q. Yan, L. Chen, and S. J. Dong, “Investigation of the combustion and emission characteristics of partially premixed compression ignition in a heavy-duty diesel engine,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, vol. 228, no. 7, pp. 784–798, 2014.

M. D. Boot, C. C. M. Luijten, L. M. T. Somers, U. Eguz, D. D. T. M. van Erp, A. Albrecht and R.S.G. Baert, "Uncooled EGR as a means of limiting wall-wetting under early direct injection conditions," SAE Technical Paper,no. 2009-01-0665, 2009.

M. N. V. R. S. S. Sumanth and S. Murugesan, “Experimental investigation of wall wetting effect on hydrocarbon emission in internal combustion engine,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 577, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2019.

P. Das, P. M. V. Subbarao, and J. P. Subrahmanyam, “Effect of main injection timing for controlling the combustion phasing of a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine using a new dual injection strategy,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 95, pp. 248–258, 2015.

J. Dernotte, J. E. Dec, and C. Ji, “Investigation of the sources of combustion noise in HCCI engines,” SAE International Journal of Engines, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 730–761, 2014.

H. M. Baek and H. M. Lee, “Experimental investigation of ringing intensity and combustion noise level from biodiesel fuel in CRDI diesel engine with various injection timings,” Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 56–63, 2022.

M. Venkatesh Prabhu and R. Karthikeyan, “Comparative studies on modelling and optimization of hydrodynamic parameters on inverse fluidized bed reactor using ANN-GA and RSM,” Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 3019–3032, 2018.

A. J. Shahlari, C. Hocking, E. Kurtz, and J. Ghandhi, “Comparison of compression ignition engine noise metrics in low-temperature combustion regimes,” SAE International Journal of Engines, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 541–552, 2013.