Firm’s Technological Capabilities towards Technology Transfer Performance in Malaysian Manufacturing Companies: The Antecedents That Lead to Successful Development of Firm’s Technological Capabilities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15282/ijim.14.1.2022.7060Keywords:
Technological Capabilities, Technology Transfer Perfomance, Manufacturing Companies, MalaysiaAbstract
Drawing upon Resource-Based View (RBV) theory, this research investigates the effect of technological capabilities on the performance of technology transfer activities in Malaysian manufacturing firms. This research also empirically examines the antecedents that lead to the development of a firm’s technological capabilities. The data were obtained from 133 manufacturing companies in Malaysia by means of questionnaires. As predicted, the results indicated that the firm’s technological capabilities significantly related to technology transfer performance and all the antecedents are chosen positively influenced the firm’s technological capabilities development.
References
Aga, D., Noorderhaven, N. & Vallejo, B. (2016). Transformational leadership and project success: The mediating role of team-building, International Journal of Project Management, 34(5):806-818. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.02.012
Ahmad, S. & Schroeder, R.G. (2011). Knowledge management through technology strategy: Implications for competitiveness. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management. 22(1), 6-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410381111099789
Al-Juboori, Z. M. A., Singh, H., Mansor, N. N. A., Kakar, A. S., Zulfiqar, U., & Pitchy, A. L. B. A. (2021). The impact of organizational learning, on firm performance in the context of manufacturing SMES in Malaysia, Mediating role of innovation capability. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(5), 796–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i5/9898
Allameh, M. & Moghaddami, M. (2010). Determining the relationship between organizational learning and performance. Case study: Department of Niroo Moharreke, Iran Khodro company. Journal of Executive Management, 10(1), 75-100. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=197167
Amy, H.I. Lee, Wei-Ming, Wang & Tsai-Ying, Lin (2010). An evaluation framework for technology transfer of new equipment in high technology industry. Technology Forecast and Social Change, 77(1), 135–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2009.06.002
Anantatmula, V. S. (2010). Project manager leadership role in improving project performance. Engineering and Management Journal, 22(1), 13–22. http://doi.org/10.1080/10429247.2010.11431849
Apulu, I. & Latham, A. (2011). An evaluation of the impact of information and communication technologies: Two case study examples. International Business Research, 4(3), 3-9. http://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v4n3p3
Ariffin, N. & Figueiredo, P.N. (2006). Globalisation of innovative capabilities: Evidence from local and foreign firms in electronics industry in Malaysia and Brazil. Science, Technology and Society, 11(1), 191-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/097172180501100107
Azmi, I. A. G., Hashim, R. C., & Yusoff, Y. M. (2018). The employability skills of Malaysian university students. International Journal of Modern Trends in Social Sciences, 1(3), 01-14. http://www.ijmtss.com/PDF/IJMTSS-2018-03-09-01.pdf
Bagheri, S., Kousha, Janati, A. & Asghari-Jafarabadi, M. (2012). Factors influencing the job satisfaction of health system employees in Tabriz, Iran. Health Promotion Perspectives, 2(2), 190-196. http://doi.org/190-196. 10.5681/hpp.2012.022
Bolivar-Ramos, M. T., Garcia-Morales, V. J. & Garcia-Sanchez, E. (2012). Technological distinctive competencies and organizational learning: Effects on organizational innovation to improve firm performance. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 29(3), 331-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2012.03.006
Chen, J., Pu, X. and Shen, H. (2010). A comprehensive model of technological learning: Empirical research on Chinese manufacturing sector. In: Fu X., Soete L. (Eds). The Rise of Technological Power in the South, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In: G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 295–336). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Chiva, R. Ghauri, P. & Alegre, J. (2013). Organizational learning, innovation and internationalization: A complex system model. British Journal of Management, 25(4), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12026
Çogaltay N. (2015). Conceptual Perspectives on Leadership. In: Karadag, E. (Eds.), Leadership and Organizational Outcomes (pp. 1-18). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14908-0_1
Cooper, R. & Edgett, S. J. (2010). Developing a product innovation and technology strategy for your business. Research Technology Management, 53(3), 33-40. http://doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2010.5645762
Daniel, C. J. Y., Abdul Wahid, N., & Tan, C. L. (2020). Why smart leaders are important in smart city development – A conceptual framework. International Journal of Industrial Management, 5, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijim.5.0.2020.5617
Deloitte. (2016). The new organization: Different by design. Global Human Capital Trends. Deloitte University Press: 1-124. Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/HumanCapital/gx-dup-global-human-capital-trends-2016.pdf
Economic Planning Unit. (1986). Fifth Malaysia Plan 1986-1990. Prime Minister’s Department, Putrajaya. https://www.epu.gov.my/en/economic-developments/development-plans/rmk/fifth-malaysia-plan-1986-1990
Economic Planning Unit. (2021). Malaysia Digital Economy Blueprint. Prime Minister’s Department, Putrajaya. https://www.epu.gov.my/sites/default/files/2021-02/malaysia-digital-economy-blueprint.pdf
Eesley, C. E., Hsu, D. H., and Roberts E. B. (2014). The contingent effects of top management teams on venture performance: Aligning founding team composition with innovation strategy and commercialization environment. Strategic Management Journal, 35(12), 1798 –1817. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2183
Gavrilyuk, A. V. & Khvorostyanaya, A. S. (2020). Strategic framework for light industry technology transfer. Intelligence Innovation Investments, 6, 20-32. http://doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2020-6-20.
Esposito, G., Freda, M. F. & Bosco, V. (2015). Examining perception of competency through practicum competencies outline, European Journal of Training and Development; Limerick, 39(8), 700-720. http://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-05-2015-0037
Gronum, S., Verreynne, M. L. & Kastelle, T. (2012). The role of networks in small and medium-sized enterprise innovation and firm performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 50(2), 257-282. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2012.00353.x
Government of Malaysia. (1986). The National Science and Technology Policy, Kuala Lumpur: SIRIM
Grant Thornton (2013, October 16). 62% Malaysian businesses find hard to hire skilled workers, highest in ASEAN. [Press release]. https://www.grantthornton.com.my/en/press/press-releases-2013/62-percent-Malaysian-businesses-find-hard-to-hire-skilled-workers-~-highest-in-ASEAN/
Gunsel, A. (2015). Research on effectiveness of technology transfer from a knowledge-based perspective. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 777-785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.10.165
Gustafsson, A., Johnson, M. D. & Roos, I. (2005). The effects of customer satisfaction, relationship commitment dimensions, and triggers on customer retention. Journal of Marketing, 69(4), 210-218. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.2005.69.4.210
Hafeez, K., Malak, N. and Zhang, Y. B. (2007). Outsourcing non-core assets and competences of a firm using analytic hierarchy process. Computers & Operations Research, 54(2), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2006.01.004
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Hamdan, A. R., Fathi, M. S. & Mohamed, Z. (2018). Evolution of Malaysia’s technology transfer model facilitated by national policies. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(2.29), 196-202. http://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13317
Hamid, M. R., Sami, W. & Sidek, M. H. M. (2017). Discriminant Validity Assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 890(1), 1-5. http://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/890/1/012163
Hanaysha, J. (2016) Testing the effects of employee engagement, work environment, and organizational learning on organizational commitment, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 229:289-297. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.07.139
Hao, S. & Song, M. (2016). Technology-driven strategy and firm performance: Are strategic capabilities missing links? Journal of Business Research, 69(2), 751-759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.07.043
Hassan, M.U., Nawaz, M.S., Abbas, G., & Sajid, M. (2013). Impact of high-performance work practices on employee loyalty and financial performance through mediation of employee satisfaction: Empirical evidence from the financial sector of Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 16(8), 1037–1046. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.16.08.11984
Heredia, J., Castillo-Vergara, M., Geldes, C., Gamarra, F. M. C., Flores, A. & Heredia, W. (2022). How do digital capabilities affect firm performance? The mediating role of technological capabilities in the “new normal”. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 7, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100171
Hui, L., Phouvong, S. & Phong, L. B. (2018). Transformational leadership facilitates innovation capability: the mediating roles of interpersonal trust. International Journal of Business Administration, 9(3), 1-9. http://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v9n3p1
International Business Publications Incorporation (IBP) (2014). MALAYSIA: Knowledge Based Economy Master Plans and Programs Handbook (7th ed), IBP.
Jafari, M., Akhavan, P. & Rafiei, A. (2017). Technology transfer effectiveness in knowledge-based centers: Providing a model based on knowledge management. International Journal of Scientific Knowledge, 4(7), 24-39.
Janadari, N., Subramaniam, S., Ramalu, S. S. & Wei, C. (2016). Evaluation of measurement and structural model of the reflective model constructs in PLS-SEM. Paper presented at the Sixth (6th) International Symposium of South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327572183_EVALUATION_OF_MEASURMENT_AND_STRUCTURAL_MODEL_OF_THE_REFLECTIVE_MODEL_CONSTRUCTS_IN_PLS-SEM
Jansen, J. J. P., Vera, D. & Crossan, M. (2009). Strategic leadership for exploration and exploitation: The moderating role of environmental dynasim. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.11.008
Johnson, M. & Templar, S. (2011). The relationships between supply chain and firm performance: The development and testing of a unified proxy. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics, 41(2), 88-103. https://doi.org/10.1108/09600031111118512
Kabeyi, M. J. B. (2019). Organizational strategic planning, implementation and evaluation with analysis of challenges and benefits for profit and non-profit organizations. International Journal of Applied Research, 5(6): 27-32. http://doi.org/10.22271/allresearch.2019.v5.i6a.5870
Khadim, R., Asghar, M., Khan, R., Farooq, O., & Afzal, M. (2016). Determining the Role of Transformational Leadership on Firm Performance through Organizational Innovation and Technological Innovation Capabilities. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 5(4), 951-965. https://european-science.com/eojnss/article/view/4605
Kim, L. (2001). The dynamics of technological learning in industrialisation. International Social Science Journal, 53(168), 297-308. http://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.00316
Kimosop, J., Korir, M. & White, M. (2016). The moderating effect of demographic characteristics on the relationship between strategic capabilities and firm performance in women-owned entrepreneurial ventures in Nairobi, Kenya. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 33(3), 242-256. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1399
Kumar, U., Kumar, V. & de Grosbois, D. (2008). Development of technological capability by Cuban hospitality organizations. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27, 12-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.06.002
Lefebvre, V. M., Molnar, A., Kuhne, B. & Gellynck, X. (2013), February 18-22. Network competence and open innovation behaviour in the food sector: An empirical investigation. International European Forum on System Dynamics and Innovation in Food Networks. Innsbruck-Igls, Austria. http://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.164739
Li-Hua, R. and Lu, L. (2013). Technology strategy and sustainability of business: Empirical experiences from Chinese cases. Journal of Technology Management in China, 8(2): 62-82. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTMC-05-2013-0024
Lin, FJ. & Lai, C. (2021). Key factors affecting technological capabilities in small and medium-sized Enterprises in Taiwan. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 17, 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00632-2
Madina, M., Adolescents, A., Lee, S. U., & Baek, H. (2017). Discriminant Validity Assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion Discriminant Validity Assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion.
Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA). (2012, February). Malaysia Investment Performance 2011. (online). https://www.mida.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/20140126142931_slides2011eng.pdf
Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC), (2015a). Malaysia in the IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2015. (online). https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8yYkeS1SHv1TFdzVHVDUllraWM/view?resourcekey=0-bZ9BFZL4z15w9o_bdxbLzA
Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC), (2017). Malaysia Productivity Report 2016/2017. (online). https://www.mpc.gov.my//wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Productivity-Report-2017.pdf
Martin, M. & Whiting, F. (2016). Human Resource Practice (7th ed.). Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.
Martin-Rojas, R., Garcia-Morales, V. J. & Bolivar-Ramos, M. T. (2013). Influence of technological support, skills and competencies, and learning on corporate entrepreneurship in European technology firms. Technovation, 33(12), 417-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2013.08.002
Ministry of Industrial Trade and Industry (MITI). (1994). Review of The Industrial master Plan, 1986-1995. https://www.miti.gov.my/miti/resources/auto%20download%20images/557f968be4aaf.pdf
Mohammed Abdulaal, A., & Nordin, N. (2020). Review paper: The mediating role of creativity on the relationship between knowledge management and human resource management toward innovation performance in the Jordanian SMEs. International Journal of Industrial Management, 8, 12–18. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijim.8.0.2020.5759
Neill, S., Singh, G. & Pathak, R. D. (2014). Technology and marketing capabilities in a developing economic context: assessing the resource-based view within a boundary condition. International journal of business and economics, 13(1), 75-92.
Noorhassidah Mohd Radzi, Alina Shamsuddin & Eta Wahab. (2017). Enhancing the competitiveness of Malaysian SMEs through technological capability: A perspective. The Social Sciences, 12(4), 719-724. http://doi.org/10.36478/sscience.2017.719.724
Ortega, M. J. R. (2010). Competitive strategies and firm performance: Technological capabilities’ moderating roles. Journal of Business Research. 63(12), 1273-1281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.09.007
Osborn, R. N., Hunt, J. G., & Jauch, L. R. (2002). Toward a contextual theory of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(6), 797–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00154-6
Othman, S.Z., Wan Mohd Noor, W.S. & Mohd Isa, M.F. (2021). "How to Create a Competitive Organization, Leveraging Strategic Capabilities in Malaysia", Sergi, B.S. and Jaaffar, A.R. (Ed.) Modeling Economic Growth in Contemporary Malaysia (Entrepreneurship and Global Economic Growth), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80043-806-420211012
Park, J.S.-Y. (2010). Naturalization of competence and the neoliberal subject: Success stories of English language learning in the Korean Conservative Press. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 20(1), 22-38. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1395.2010.01046.x
Perkins, D. H., Rasiah, R. & Woo, W. T. (2017, August). Explaining Malaysia’s past economic growth and future prospects (JCI Working Paper No.2). https://jci.edu.my/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/JCI-WP2.pdf
Prahalad C.K., Hamel G. (2006). The Core Competence of the Corporation. In: Hahn D., Taylor B. (Eds.), Strategische Unternehmungsplanung- Strategische Unternehmungsfuhrung (pp. 275- 292). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Rahman Hamdan, Abdul, Syazli Fathi, Mohamad and Mohamed, Zainai (2018). Evolution of Malaysia’s technology transfer model facilitated by national policies. International Journal of Engineering and Technology. 7(2.29), 196-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13317
Rajah, R. (2010). Are electronics firms in Malaysia catching up in the technology ladder? Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 15(3), 301-319, https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2010.494910
Ramanathan, R. (2003). An Introduction to Data Envelopment Analysis: A Tool for Performance Measurement. Sage Publications, New Delhi.
Ramayah, T., Mohamad, O., Omar, A., Marimuthu, M. & Yeap Ai Leen, J. (2013). Determinants of technology adoption among Malaysian SMEs: An IDT perspective. Journal of Information and Communication Technology, 12(1), 103-119.
Ringle, C. M., & Ting, H. (2018). Convergent validity assessment of formatively measured constructs in PLS-SEM, 3. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-10-2017-0649
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S. & Will, A. (2005). SmartPLS 2.0.M3. Hamburg: SmartPLS. Retrieved from https://www.smartpls.com
Salarian, M., Baharmpour, K., & Habibi, S. (2015). Organizational commitment and its relationship with organizational learning (Case study: General directorate of ports and maritime of Mazandaran province). International Journal of Life Science, 5(6), 67-73.
Salisu, Y. & Abu Bakar, L.J. (2020). Technological capability, relational capability and firms’ performance: The role of learning capability, Revista de Gestao, 27(1), 79-99. https://doi.org/10.1108/REGE-03-2019-0040
Sanchez, J. (2012). The influence of entrepreneurial competencies on small firm performance. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologia, 44(2), 165-177.
Sarina, M. N., Rushami, Z. Y. & Fariza, H. (2009). Quality practices as a moderator in technology transfer performance. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(7), 96-105. http://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v4n7p96
Schweitzer, J. (2014). Leadership and innovation capability development in strategic alliances. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 35(5), 442-469.
Secundo, G., De Beer, C. & Passiante, G. (2016). Measuring university technology transfer efficiency: A maturity level approach. Measuring Business Excellence, 20(3), 42-54. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-03-2016-0018
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. (4th Ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Seyal, A. H. (2015). Examining the role of transformational leadership in technology adoption: Evidence from Bruneian technical & vocational establishments (TVE). Journal of Education and Practice, 6(8), 32-43.
Shah, M. H. (2004, August). The Malaysian experience in science and technology development and its relevance for OIC countries. [Paper presentation]. Fourth International Malaysian Studies Conference, UKM, Bangi, Malaysia.
Shaharudin, M. S., Zulkifli, W. N., Gui, A., & Fernando, Y. (2021). Drivers Human Resources 4.0: Technological, Organisational & Environmental of Human Resources 4.0 at Malaysian Private Companies. International Journal of Industrial Management, 12(1), 306–318. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijim.12.1.2021.6123
Shmeleva, N., Gamidullaeva, L., Tolstykh, T., & Lazarenko, D. (2021). Challenges and opportunities for technology transfer networks in the context of open innovation: Russian experience. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market and Complexity, 7, 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030197
Simao, L., Rodrigues, R. G. & Madeira, M. J. A. (2016). External relationships in the organizational innovation. RAI Revista de Administracao e Inovacao, 13(3), 156-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rai.2016.06.002.
Siti Norbaya Yahaya & Mohd Hafiz Bakar. (2017). Role of technology transfer through research and development to increase competitiveness. Do SME’s in Malaysia take advantages on it? International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 6(12), 51-60.
Stewart, R. A. & Waroonkun, T. (2007). Benchmarking construction technology transfer in Thailand. Construction Innovation, 7(3), 218-239. https://doi.org/10.1108/14714170710754722
Suzana Ariff Azizan (2013). Strengthening Malaysia's scientific and technological development through human capital development. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 91, 648-653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.465
Talib, O. (2013). Asas Penulisan Tesis, Penyelidikan & Statistik. Universiti Putra Malaysia Press, Serdang, Selangor.
Tzokas, N., Kim, Y. A., Akbar, H. & Al-Dajani, H. (2015). Absorptive capacity and performance: The role of customer relationship and technological capabilities in high-tech SMEs. Industrial Marketing Management, 47, 134-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.02.033
Unal, E., Erdil, O. & Ince, H. (2021). The effect of leadership and talent development programs on performance: A research on retail sales representatives, Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 9(2), 603-624. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v9i2.1808
Usefi, S., Nazari, R. & Zargar, T. (2013). The Relationship between organizational learning and organizational commitment in sport organizations. Management and Administrative Sciences Review, 2(6), 682-688.
Saadat, V. & Saadat, Z. (2016). Organizational learning as a key role of organizational success, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 230, 219-225. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.09.028
Van Norman, G.A. & Eisenkot, R. (2017). Technology transfer: From the research bench to commercialization. JACC: Basic to Translational Science, 2(2), 197-208. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.03.004
Vitorino Filho, V.A. & Moori, R.G. (2018). The role of technological capabilities in the competitive advantage of companies in the Campinas, SP Tech Hub, Innovation & Management Review, 15(3), 247-268. https://doi.org/10.1108/INMR-06-2018-0035
Wang, Y., Lo, H. P., Zhang, Q. and Xue, Y. (2006). How technological capability influences business performance. An integrated framework based on the contingency approach. Journal of Technology Management. 1(1), 27-52. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468770610642740
Whangthomkum N., Igel, B. & Speece, M. (2006). An empirical study of the relationship between absorptive capacity and technology transfer effectiveness. International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, 5(1/2), 31-55. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTTC.2006.008652
Wickramaratne, A., Kiminami, A. & Yagi, H. (2017). External relationships and entrepreneurial orientation of tea manufacturing firms in Sri Lanka. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 20(3), 293-306. http://doi.org/10.22434/IFAMR2015.0070
World Bank (2009). Malaysia - Productivity and Investment Climate Assessment Update. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/817201468049816610/Malaysia-Productivity-and-investment-climate-assessment-update
World Economic Forum (WEF) (2014). The Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015. http://www.weforum.org
World Economic Forum (WEF) (2015). The Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016. http://www.weforum.org
World Economic Forum (WEF) (2016). The Global Competitiveness Report 2016-2017. http://www.weforum.org
Yang, L. R., Huang, C. F. & Wu, K. S. (2011). The association among project manager's leadership style, teamwork and project success. International Journal of Project Management, 29(3), 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.03.006
Zoia, M.G., Barbieri, L., & Cortelezzi, F. (2018). The determinants of Italian firms’ technological competencies and capabilities. Eurasian Business Review, 8, 453–476. https://doi.org/10.1007
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 University Malaysia Pahang Publishing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
