Guide for Authors

MANUSCRIPTS PUBLISHED
The journal publishes the following types of manuscripts:

Full Research Articles
Full research articles provide significant new findings and conclusions obtained from scientific investigations and processes that fall within the scope of the journal. These articles recommended to be within 3000-8000 words in length (excluding the abstract, tables, figures, and references), and more than 20 references.

Review Articles 
The review articles are described the current state of the knowledge and provide suggestions for potential future research direction in the field. These articles recommended to be within 3000-10000 words (not including abstract, tables, figures, and references) with 100 or more references.

Case Studies
They summarise a unique case describing a great diagnostic or therapeutic challenge and providing a learning point for the readers. Cases with clinical significance or implications are given priority. The total number of words for a published case report is 1500 to 2000 words (not including abstract, tables and figures) with 40 or more references.

MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION
These instructions are written in a form that satisfies all the formatting requirements for the author's manuscript. Please use them as a template in preparing your manuscript. Authors must take special care to follow these instructions concerning margins. The basic instructions are simple:

• Manuscript shall be formatted for an A4 size page.
• The top, bottom, left, and right margins shall be 20 mm.
• The text shall have both the left and right margins justified.

The manuscript file should be formatted as single-spaced, single-column text. All pages must be numbered sequentially, facilitating the reviewing and editing of the manuscript. The manuscript must be written using Times New Roman font, and the 'symbols’ font should be used for representing Greek characters. The manuscript should be written in English in a clear, direct and active style.

Manuscripts should include:

• Title Page
• Abstract
• Keywords
• Highlights (Optional)

1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Research Design
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions

• Acknowledgements
• Funding Statement
• Author(s) Contribution
• Availability of the Data and Materials
• Ethics Statements
• Conflict of Interest
• Generative Artificial Intelligence Declaration
• References
• Appendices (Optional)

TITLE
The title is concise and informative. In information retrieval systems, titles are often used as search terms. If possible, avoid using abbreviations and formulas in the title.

Author Names and Affiliations
Before submitting the manuscript, please clearly indicate each author's given name(s) and family name(s) and double-check that all names are correctly spelt. Include the affiliation addresses of the authors underneath the list of names. All affiliations should be indicated with a lower-case or roman number as a superscript letter directly after the author's name and in front of the corresponding address. Please provide the complete postal address of each affiliation (with the country name) and the email address of corresponding author.

Corresponding Author
The corresponding author (s) should be designated, and their complete address, business telephone and fax numbers, and email address must be clearly stated to receive correspondence at all stages of the reviewing and publishing processes and after the paper has been published. As part of this duty, he/she will be responsible for responding to any future inquiries about Methodology and Materials. The corresponding author must provide an email address and maintain the contact details up to date. Email address must be provided with an asterisk “*” in front of the corresponding author's name.

ABSTRACT
It is important to write a concise and informative abstract (maximum 250 words). The aim of the study, the brief methodology, the main findings, and the major conclusions should all be included in the abstract. For an abstract to be effective, it must be stand-alone and self-explanatory. References, tables, and figures should not be cited in the abstract. Additionally, non-standard or unusual abbreviations should be avoided; nevertheless, if they are necessary, they must be explained at the time of their first mention in the abstract text.

KEYWORDS
The keywords should be included right after the abstract, three to six keywords must be provided. Use abbreviations carefully; only abbreviations that are well-established in the field could be acceptable. These keywords will be used for the purposes of indexing.

HIGHLIGHTS (OPTIONAL)
Highlights are optional for this journal, although they are encouraged since they assist in the visibility of your work through online search. They are comprised of a brief collection of bullet points that reflect the unique findings of your research as well as the innovative techniques that were used throughout the investigation. Highlights should be provided as an editable file in a separate file through the online submission system. Please use the word 'Highlights' in the file name and add no more than 5 bullet points (maximum 100 characters, per bullet point).

1. INTRODUCTION
   This should provide an adequate background and general context for the work, explaining its significance, and indicating why it should be of interest to researchers. Avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results. State the objectives of the study at the end of this section.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
   The literature review should critically examine and synthesize existing research relevant to the study. It is not a simple summary of past studies, but a structured discussion that identifies theoretical foundations, empirical findings, inconsistencies, and research gaps that justify the present study.
3. RESEARCH DESIGN
   It is recommended that the authors provide adequate information to enable the work to be replicated. Methods that have previously been published should be referenced, and only relevant modifications should be mentioned.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
   It is appropriate to combine the Results and Discussion sections into a single section. Clear and concise results are required. The significance of the work's findings should be discussed in detail throughout the discussion section. Extensive citations and discussion of already published material should be avoided.
5. CONCLUSIONS
   A brief paragraph summarising all the significant accomplishments achieved is included.

SECTION HEADINGS
Section headings should be numbered sequentially left aligned and have the first letter capitalised, starting with the introduction. Sub-section headings, however, should be in lower-case and italicised with their initials capitalised. 

ABBREVIATIONS
The author (s) should define all abbreviations used when the first time appeared in the text. A list of abbreviations may also be included at the end.

UNITS 
It is strongly recommended that the author (s) should use the International System of Units (SI) units. If other quantities are referenced, please provide their SI equivalents.

FIGURES
Figures should be self-explanatory and contain a short but adequately detailed caption. Figures should be provided in one of the following formats: PNG, EPS, TIFF, JPEG, BMP. The figure(s) should have a resolution of 600 dpi for grayscale and 300 dpi for colour. All figures must be numbered sequentially in the text in the same order in which they appear (e.g. Figure 1, Figure 2).  Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b) are examples of multi-part figures in which each component should be labelled. The figure(s) caption should be written in sentence cases and placed underneath the image, centre aligned, with no period at the end of the caption.

TABLES
Tables should be self-explanatory and include a concise yet sufficiently descriptive caption. Tables should be numbered consecutively using Arabic numerals and referred to in the text by number. Table legends should follow the main text, each on a separate page. Tables must be submitted as editable text and not as images. Footnotes can be used to explain abbreviations but should not include detailed descriptions of the experiment.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This section should describe sources of funding that have supported the work. Please also describe the role of the study sponsor(s) (if any) in study design; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data writing of the paper and decision to submit it for publication. Recognition of personal assistance should be given as a separate paragraph: people who contributed to the work, but do not fit the criteria for authors should be listed along with their contributions. You must ensure that anyone named in the acknowledgments agrees to being so named.

List funding sources in this standard way to facilitate compliance to funder's requirements:
This work was supported by the name of funding sources including the type of grant and reference number [grant numbers …]. Detailed descriptions of the programme or grants and awards are not required.

The following statement should be included if there is no funding available for the research:
This study was not supported by any grants from funding bodies in the public, private, or not-for-profit sectors.

FUNDING STATEMENT
This work was supported by the name of funding sources including the type of grant and reference number [grant numbers …]. Detailed descriptions of the programme or grants and awards are not required.

The following statement should be included if there is no funding available for the research:

This study was not supported by any grants from funding bodies in the public, private, or not-for-profit sectors.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Authors are encouraged to provide an author statement file describing their specific contributions to the article using the appropriate author contribution roles to increase transparency. The author contributions statement should be provided during the submission process, and it appears above the acknowledgement section of the published article. The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that all authors agree on the accuracy of the descriptions. All authors' roles should be mentioned, using the appropriate categories underneath. Authors may have played a variety of roles in their contributions. Contributions from authors do not affect the criteria for authorship established by the journal. The following are the words used to describe author contributions.

Conceptualisation; Methodology; Validation; Formal analysis; Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Resources; Software; Visualisation; Writing - original draft; Writing - review & editing; Funding acquisition; Project administration; Supervision.

Authorship statements should be formatted with the names of authors first and the author contribution role(s) following, such as

M.M. Rahman (Conceptualization; Formal analysis; Visualisation; Supervision)

W.T. Urmi (Methodology; Data curation; Writing - original draft; Resources)

AVAILABILITY OF THE DATA AND MATERIALS
Authors should provide a clear statement regarding the accessibility of the data, materials, and code used in the study to promote transparency and reproducibility. Examples include:

Available on request:
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Publicly available:
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available in the [repository name] at [persistent link/DOI].

Not applicable:
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analysed in this study.

ETHICS STATEMENT
Authors must disclose any use of generative AI tools in the preparation of the manuscript. This includes assistance in writing, editing, data analysis, or figure generation. If no generative AI tools were used, please state: “No generative AI tools were used in the preparation of this manuscript.”

Example 1: Minimal Use (Language Editing Only)
The authors used AI-based tools solely for language editing and grammar refinement. No content generation or data interpretation was performed by AI. All intellectual contributions are original and solely attributable to the authors.

Example 2: Extensive Use (Writing & Analysis)
Artificial intelligence tools were used to assist in drafting sections of the manuscript and summarizing literature. The authors reviewed and verified all AI-generated content to ensure accuracy and originality. Final interpretations and conclusions are the responsibility of the authors.

Example 3: AI Used as Analytical Tool
This study employed AI-based analytical tools to process and interpret data. The methodology and results were validated by the authors to ensure reliability. All ethical guidelines related to AI usage were followed.

Example 4: No AI Used
No artificial intelligence tools were used in the preparation of this manuscript. All content was developed manually by the authors.

An ethics statement must be provided if the study involves human participants, animal subjects, or sensitive data. Authors must ensure compliance with institutional, national, and international ethical standards.

Examples:

For human data or participation:
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the [name of ethics committee] (Approval No. [XXXX]). Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.

For animal studies:
All experimental procedures involving animals were approved by the [Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee name] (Approval No. [XXXX]) and conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

For simulation or secondary data studies:
This study did not involve human participants or animals. Ethical approval was therefore not required.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
It should disclose any financial or non-financial interests such as political, personal, or professional relationships that may be interpreted as having influenced the manuscript. The phrase "The authors declare no conflicts of interest" should be included if there is no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES STYLE
There are strict requirements on reference formatting at submission stage. Author should be preparing references according to following examples and the reference style should be consistent where applicable, author(s) name(s), journal title/book title, chapter title/article title, year of publication, volume number/book chapter and the pagination must be present. The reference style used by the journal will be also applied to the accepted article at the proof stage. Note that missing data will be highlighted at proof stage for the author to correct.

The APA format 7 edition referencing system is to be used. In the body of the text a paper is to be referred to by the author’s surname with the year of publication in parentheses. References should be listed together at the end of the paper in alphabetical order by author’s surname. List of references indents 10 mm (or 0.39 inch) from the second line of each reference. Personal communications and unpublished data are not acceptable references.

Journal Papers
Hamada, K. I., Rahman, M. M. & Aziz, A. R. A. (2012). Characteristics of the time-averaged overall heat transfer in a Direct Injection Hydrogen Fueled Engine. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(11), 4816-4830.
Rahman, M. M. & Ariffin, A. K. (2006). Effects of surface finish and treatment on the fatigue behaviour of vibrating cylinder block using frequency response approach. Journal of Zhejiang University of Science A, 7(3), 352-360.
Journal titles should not be abbreviated. Note that journal title is set in italics.

Books
Juvinall, R. C. & Marshek, K. M. (2000). Fundamentals of machine component design. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Stephens, R. I., Fatemi, A., Stephens, R. R. & Fuchs, H. O. (2000). Metal fatigue in engineering. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Note that the title of the book is italicized and sentence case.

Chapters in Books
Barky, M. E. & Zhang, S. (2005). Fatigue spot welds. Fatigue testing and analysis. Lee et al. (Eds.). New York: Butterworth Heinrahmanemann, 285-311.
Note that the title of the book is italicized and sentence case.

Proceedings Papers
Rahman, M. M., Bakar, R. A., Sani, M. S. M. & Noor, M. M. (2008). Investigation into surface treatment on fatigue life for cylinder block of linear engine using frequency response approach. 15th International Congress on Sound and Vibrations, 2119-2127.

Web Pages
Felippa, C. A. (2011). Advanced finite element methods. Retrieved from http://www.colorado.edu/courses.d /AFM.d/Home.html.

Rockwell Automation. Arena. Retrieved from http://www.arenasimulation.com. IN-TEXT CITATION Document your study throughout the text by citing the author (or brief title if there is no author) and year of the works you researched. The reader can then locate the complete source in the alphabetical reference list at the end of your work. The in-text citation is highlighted in this example:

One author
Rahman (2010) claimed that … or the theory was first put forward in 1960 (Rahman, 2010).

Two authors
Always cite both authors.
Example: Rahman and Noor (2009) found … or The majority found … (Rahman & Noor, 2009).

Multiple authors for 3 or more authors
a full stop after “al”) and the year.
Example: Rahman et al. (2009) or (Rahman et al., 2009).

Multiple works (when two or more references are cited to make the same point)
List two or more works by different authors who are cited within the same parentheses in alphabetical order by the first author’s surname. Separate the citations with semicolons.
Example: (Rahman, 2010; Rahman & Kadirgama, 2009; Rahman et al., 2011)

Multiple works by the same author
Arrange two or more works by the same author by year of publication. Give the author’s surname once; for each subsequent work, give only the date.
Example: University research has indicated that… (Rahman, 2007, 2010).

APPENDICES
If there is more than one appendix, they should be labelled with the letters A, B, etc. There should be a different numbering system for formulae and equations in the appendices. For example, the equations for Appendix A are expressed as Eq. (A.1), Eq. (A.2), and so on; in a subsequent appendix, Eq. (B.1) and so on. Similarly for tables and figures: Table A.1; Fig. A.1, etc.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL (OPTIONAL)
It should contain relevant and complementary data to those presented in the manuscript. Supplemental material always remains associated with its article and is not subjected to any modifications after publication. These files may be submitted in various formats but should be publication-ready, as these files are published exactly as supplied. Material that has been published previously is not acceptable for posting as supplemental material. Their format can be tables, graphs, spectra, films and so on. All are supporting information should be referred to in the manuscript, with titles (and, if desired, legends) for all files listed under the heading ‘Supporting Information’.

REPRODUCTION PERMISSION
For any illustrations, tables, or figures already published elsewhere, authors are responsible for getting permission from the copyright holders. The publisher of the journal or book in which the Figure or Table first appeared is most often the copyright owner. In this case, a letter from the author(s)/publisher should be included to confirm that permission to reproduce the image has been given.

LANGUAGE
The manuscript should be written in the English language clearly and understandably. The manuscript should be proofread for proper spelling and grammar use. We shall promptly return any manuscripts that are not complete or are not in good condition.

PLAGIARISM AND AI-SCREENING CONTENT
As part of our editorial workflow, all submitted manuscripts undergo rigorous screening to ensure academic integrity. Turnitin platform will be used during the initial submission stage and again prior to publication to assess similarity and identify potential plagiarism. In addition to traditional similarity checks, the editorial team will also evaluate the manuscript for AI-generated or AI-assisted content to ensure transparency, proper disclosure, and compliance with publication ethics.

SELF-CITATIONS
Citation manipulation refers to the excessive citation of an author's study (i.e., self-citation by authors) for the sole purpose of boosting the number of citations of the author's work (COPE, 2019). The Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences encourage authors to restrict self-citation to a minimum to control citation manipulation. JMES highly advises using no more than 5 (including jointly authored publications) or 20 per cent self-citations, whichever is lower, in any given publication.

GALLEY PROOFS
The galley proofs are solely supplied to correct printing mistakes. It is not recommended to utilise the galley proof correction for language or content enhancement purposes. Make sure to proofread and correct any errors as soon as possible. Corrected galley proofs need to be returned within 72 hours or three business days after they are received.

LENGTH OF MANUSCRIPT
There are no restrictions on the length of manuscripts, but only concisely written articles are published. Brief articles are evaluated based on their technical merit.

SUBMISSION CHECKLIST
It is hoped that this list will be helpful during the final checking of an article before sending it to the Editor. Ensure that the following items are present:

• One author designated as the corresponding author
• Institutional Email address
• Full affiliation address
• All necessary files have been uploaded (main manuscript, all figures and tables, and appendices)
• Keywords
• Nomenclatures (if necessary)

FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS

• Manuscript has been "spellchecked" and "grammar-checked."
• References are in the correct format (APA referencing style) for this journal
• All references mentioned in the reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa
• Permission has been obtained for the use of copyrighted material from other sources