Numerical Study on Single and Multi-Element NACA 43018 Wing Airfoil with Leading-Edge Slat and Slotted Flap

Setyo Hariyadi; Bambang Juni Pitoyo; Nyaris Pambudiyatno; Sutardi; Wawan Aries Widodo

doi:10.15282/ijame.21.3.2024.16.0899

Authors

Setyo Hariyadi Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Department, Politeknik Penerbangan Surabaya, Jemur Andayani I/73 Wonocolo, Surabaya, 60236, Indonesia
Bambang Juni Pitoyo Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Department, Politeknik Penerbangan Surabaya, Jemur Andayani I/73 Wonocolo, Surabaya, 60236, Indonesia
Nyaris Pambudiyatno Air Navigation Engineering Department, Politeknik Penerbangan Surabaya, Jemur Andayani I/73 Wonocolo, Surabaya, 60236, Indonesia
Sutardi Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jalan Arif Rahman Hakim, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
Wawan Aries Widodo Aircraft Operation Training Division, Akademi Penerbang Indonesia Banyuwangi, Jl. Pantai Blimbingsari, Dusun Krajan, Blimbingsari, Rogojampi, Banyuwangi Regency, East Java 68462 Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.3.2024.16.0899

Keywords:

NACA 43018, Multiple element wing, Slotted flap, Leading-edge slat, Aerodynamic performance

Abstract

An optimal wing configuration is crucial for achieving the best performance during various flight phases, including take-off, cruising, and landing. Such configurations also contribute to maximizing the aircraft's cruising range. This study compares the aerodynamic performance of NACA 43018 wings under different conditions: without high-lift devices, with a slotted flap, and with a combination of a leading-edge slat and slotted flap. Numerical simulations were conducted using the k-ɛ Realizable turbulence model at twelve different angles of attack, with a flow speed of 120 m/s. The results demonstrate that multiple-element wings significantly improve aerodynamic performance, particularly at low angles of attack, by reducing the induced drag coefficient and delaying flow separation.

References

N.N. Gavrilović, B.P. Rašuo, G.S. Dulikravich, and V.B. Parezanović, “Commercial aircraft performance improvement using winglets,” FME Transactions, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2015.

S. Gudmundsson, General Aviation Aircraft Design : Applied Methods, First edit. New York: Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier, 2013.

Y.H. Chen, J.J. Miau, Y.P. Chen, and Y.R. Chen, “Blunt leading-edge effect on spanwise-varying leading-edge contours of an UCAV configuration,” Journal of Fluid Science and Technology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2023.

F.L. dos Santos, K. Venner, and L.D. de Santana, “Turbulence distortion effects for leading-edge noise prediction,” 28th International Congress on Sound and Vibration, ICSV 2022, pp. 1–8, 2022.

G. Kuntumalla, Y. Meng, M. Rajagopal, R. Toro, H. Zhao, HC. Chang et al., “Joining techniques for novel metal polymer hybrid heat exchangers,ˮ ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, vol. 59384, p. V02BT02A018, 2019.

P. Singh, L. Neuhaus, O. Huxdorf, J. Riemenschneider, J. Wild, J. Peinke, and M. Hölling, “Experimental investigation of an active slat for airfoil load alleviation,” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 043304, 2021.

S. Antoniou, S. Kapsalis, P. Panagiotou, and K. Yakinthos, “Parametric investigation of leading-edge slats on a blended-wing-body UAV using the Taguchi method,” Aerospace, vol. 10, no. 8, p. 720, 2023.

D. Raffaele, T.P. Waters, E. Rustighi, and U. Kingdom, “Wave propagation in an aircraft wing slat for de-icing purposes,” 3rd Euro-Mediterranean Conference on Structural Dynamics and Vibroacoustics. Università degli Studi di Napoli, pp. 17–20, 2020.

X. Xu, T. Wang, Y. Fu, Y. Zhang, and G. Chen, “Numerical research of an ice accretion delay method by the bio-inspired leading edge,” Aerospace, vol. 9, no. 12, p. 774, 2022.

E.S. Elumalai, A.G. Agarwal, B.K. Singh and G. Krishnaveni, “Numerical simulation of bird strike effect on a composite wing leading edge,” Test Engineering and Management, vol. 83, pp. 7472–7481, 2020.

J. Wang, J. Wang, and K.C. Kim, “Wake/shear layer interaction for low-Reynolds-number flow over multi-element airfoil,” Experiments in Fluids, vol. 60, pp. 1-24, 2019.

J. Yu and B. Mi, “A new flow control method of slat-grid channel-coupled configuration on high-lift device,” Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 6, p. 3488 2023.

A.P. Markesteijn, H.K. Jawahar, S.A. Karabasov, and M. Azarpeyvand, “GPU CABARET Solutions for 30P30N three-element high-lift airfoil with slat modification,” in 2021 AIAA AVIATION Forum and Exposition, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, p. 2115, 2021.

M.P.J. Sanders, L.D. de Santana, and C.H. Venner, “The sweep angle effect on slat noise characteristics of the 30p30n high-lift model in an open-jet wind tunnel,” AIAA Aviation 2020 Forum, p. 2557, 2020.

R. Wei, Y. Liu, X. Li, and H. Zhang, “Experimental study on the oscillation of the shear layer of the slat cavity for 30P30N multi-element high-lift airfoil,” AIAA AVIATION 2023 Forum, p. 4482, 2023.

L.W. Traub and M.P. Kaula, “Effect of leading-edge slats at low Reynolds numbers,” Aerospace, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 39, 2016.

S.P. Setyo Hariyadi, B. Junipitoyo, N. Pambudiyatno, Sutardi, and W.A. Widodo, “Aerodynamic characteristics of fluid flow on multiple-element wing airfoil Naca 43018 with leading-edge slat and plain flap,” Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 36–50, 2023.

H. Lv, X. Zhang, and J. Kuang, “Numerical simulation of aerodynamic characteristics of multi-element wing with variable flap,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 916, no. 1, p. 012005, 2017.

S.P.S. Hariyadi, N. Pambudiyatno, Sutardi, and P.F. Dyan, “Aerodynamic characteristics of the wing airfoil NACA 43018 in take off conditions with slat clearance and flap deflection,” in Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering: Select Proceedings of ICOME 2021. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, pp. 220–229, 2022.

A. Filippone, Flight Performance of Fixed and Rotary Wing Aircraft, First Edit. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Ltd., 2006.

S.H.S. Putro, S. Sutardi, W.A. Widodo, N. Pambudiyatno, and I. Sonhaji, “Effect of leading-edge gap size on multiple-element wing NACA 43018,” International Review of Aerospace Engineering, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 30–40, 2022.

N.J. Mulvany, L. Chen, J.Y. Tu, and B. Anderson, “Steady-state evaluation of two-equation RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) turbulence models for high-Reynolds number hydrodynamic flow simulations,” Department of Defence, Australian Government, DSTO Platform Sciences Laboratory, Australia, 2004.

S. Tobing, “Lift generation of an elliptical airfoil at a Reynolds number of 1000,” International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 6738–6752, 2019.

S. Jamei, A. Maimun, N. Azwadi, M.M. Tofa, S. Mansor, and A. Priyanto, “Ground viscous effect on 3D flow structure of a compound wing-in-ground effect,” International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 9, pp. 1550–1563, 2014.

K.A. Kasim, P. Segard, S. Mat, S. Mansor, M.N. Dahalan, N.A.R.N. Mohd et al., “Effects of the propeller advance ratio on delta wing UAV leading edge vortex,” International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 6958–6970, 2019.

I. Madan, N. Tajudin, M. Said, S. Mat, N. Othman, M.A. Wahid et al., “Influence of active flow control on blunt-edged VFE-2 delta wing model,” International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 8411–8422, 2021.

M. Said, M. Imai, S. Mat, M.N. Dahalan, S. Mansor, M.N.M. Nasir et al., “Tuft flow visualisation on UTM-LST VFE-2 delta wing model configuration at high angle of attacks,” International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 8214–8223, 2020.

S. Hariyadi Suranto Putro, B. Junipitoyo, N. Pambudiyatno, Sutardi, and W. Aries Widodo, “Aerodynamic characteristics of fluid flow on multiple-element wing airfoil NACA 43018 with leading-edge slat and plain flap,” Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 36–50, 2023.

D.G. Urbano, G. Noventa, A. Ghidoni, and A.M. Lezzi, “A semi-empirical fluid dynamic model of a vacuum microgripper based on CFD analysis,” Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 16, p. 7482, 2021.

V.S. Dinh, C.T. Dinh, and V.S. Pham, “Numerical study on aerodynamic characteristics of the grid fins with different grid patterns,” Physics of Fluids, vol. 35, no. 12, p. 123117, 2023.

J.D. Anderson Jr, Computational Fluid Dynamics The Basics with Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1995.

S.G. Kontogiannis and J.A. Ekaterinaris, “Design, performance evaluation and optimization of a UAV,” Aerospace Science and Technology, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 339–350, 2013.

S.G. Kontogiannis, D.E. Mazarakos, and V. Kostopoulos, “ATLAS IV wing aerodynamic design: From conceptual approach to detailed optimization,” Aerospace Science and Technology, vol. 56, pp. 135–147, 2016.

A. Roy, A.K. Mallik, and T.P. Sarma, “A study of model separation flow behavior at high angles of attack aerodynamics,” Journal of Applied and Computational Mechanics, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 318–330, 2018.

S.P. Setyo Hariyadi, Sutardi, W.A. Widodo, and M.A. Mustaghfirin, “Aerodynamics analysis of the wingtip fence effect on UAV wing,” International Review of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 837–846, 2018.

S.S.P. Hariyadi, B. Junipitoyo, W.A. Widodo, I. Sonhaji and F.D. Pertiwi, “Numerical simulation using slats, slots, and flaps in steady flight conditions,” Advances in Science and Technology, vol. 112, pp. 22–31, 2022.

Z.T. Dayanti, S. Hariyadi, and I.S. Rifdian, “Experimental study of fluid flow characteristics in wing airfoil NACA 43018 with parabolic vortex generator using oil flow visualization,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Advance Transportation, Engineering, and Applied Science (ICATEAS 2022), Surabaya: Atlantis Press International BV, pp. 52–69, 2023.

Y. Fujita and M. Iima, “Aerodynamic performance of dragonfly wing model that starts impulsively: how vortex motion works,” Journal of Fluid Science and Technology, vol. 18, no. 1, p. JFST0013, 2023.

M. Hojaji, M.R. Soufivand, and R. Lavimi, “An experimental comparison between wing root and wingtip corrugation patterns of dragonfly wing at ultra-low Reynolds number and high angles of attack,” Journal of Applied and Computational Mechanics, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1176–1185, 2022.

M. Werner, M. Rein, K. Richter, and S. Weiss, “Experimental and numerical analysis of the aerodynamics and vortex interactions on multi-swept delta wings,” CEAS Aeronautical Journal, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 927–938, 2023.

F.D. Pertiwi, A. Wahjudi, W.A. Widodo, and S.P. Hariyadi, “The effect of slat clearance and flap on the aerodynamic performance of the NACA 43018 wing in the landing process,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2677, no. 1, p. 10, 2023.