Production of 316L Stainless Steel (SS316L) Foam via Slurry Method
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.5.2013.17.0068Keywords:
Metal foam; stainless steel; slurry method; ball milling.Abstract
Metal foams are a special class of porous materials with novel physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical and acoustic properties. Nowadays, 316L stainless steel (SS316L) foam is considered as one of the attractive metallic materials for biomedical applications due to its excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. In this study, SS316L has been used to produce metal foams using the slurry method. The compositions of the SS316L metal powder were 40 wt% and 60 wt%, PEG (3 wt%), CMC (3 wt%) with the remainder distilled water. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and methylcellulose (CMC) were used as a binder. The raw materials were mixed using a ball milling machine. After that, the polyurethane (PU) foams were immersed in the mixture then dried in the oven for 24 hours. Then, the samples were sintered in a box furnace at 1300oC. In order to characterize the samples, several tests were conducted such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy diffraction x-ray (EDX), and morphological analysis (optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). The most suitable composition of SS316L is 60 wt% with a sintering temperature of 1300°C which resulted in large-pored metal foam. The SS316L metal foams were successfully produced using the slurry method. However, the quality of the SS316L metal foam must be improved because it had too low a strength to undergo mechanical testing.
References
Ahmad, S., Muhamad, N., Muchtar, A., Sahari, J., Ibrahim, M., Jamaludin, K., & Nor, N. (2010). Development and characterization of titanium alloy foams. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (IJMME), 5(2), 244-250.
Altieri, C., Flores, J., Gonzalez, V., & Rodríguez, A. (2003). Biomechanics of orthopaedic fixations.
Banhart, J., & Baumeister, J. (1998). Production methods for metallic foams. Paper presented at the MRS Proceedings.
Ding, M. H., Wang, B. L., Li, L., & Zheng, Y. F. (2010). Preparation and characterization of tacxn1 − x coatings on biomedical 316l stainless steel. Surface and Coatings Technology, 204(16–17), 2519-2526.
German, R. M. (1996). Sintering theory and practice. Sintering Theory and Practice, by Randall M. German, pp. 568. ISBN 0-471-05786-X. Wiley-VCH, January 1996., 1.
Hermawan, H., Ramdan, D., & Djuansjah, J. R. P. (2011). Metals for biomedical applications.
Michailidis, N., Stergioudi, F., Tsouknidas, A., & Pavlidou, E. (2011). Compressive response of al-foams produced via a powder sintering process based on a leachable space-holder material. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 528(3), 1662-1667.
Omar, H., Papadopoulos, D. P., Tsipas, S. A., & Lefakis, H. (2009). Aluminizing nickel foam by a slurry coating process. Materials Letters, 63(16), 1387-1389.
Quadbeck, P., Kümmel, K., Hauser, R., Standke, G., Adler, J., Stephani, G., & Kieback, B. (2011). Structural and material design of open‐cell powder metallurgical foams. Advanced Engineering Materials, 13(11), 1024-1030.
Roguska, A., Hiromoto, S., Yamamoto, A., Woźniak, M. J., Pisarek, M., & Lewandowska, M. (2011). Collagen immobilization on 316l stainless steel surface with cathodic deposition of calcium phosphate. Applied Surface Science, 257(11), 5037-5045.
Upadhyaya, G. S. (2000). Sintered metallic and ceramic materials: Preparation, properties and applications: Wiley.
Vendra, L. J., & Rabiei, A. (2007). A study on aluminum–steel composite metal foam processed by casting. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 465(1–2), 59-67.
Wadley, H. N. G. (2002). Cellular metals manufacturing. Advanced Engineering Materials, 4(10), 726-733.
