Epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease on networks using neutrosophic algebraic structures

Authors

  • Nor Farihah Azman Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia , MARA University of Technology image/svg+xml
  • Nurul Fatihah Erman Genting Berhad, 14th Floor, Wisma Genting, Jalan Sultan Ismail, 50250 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • Nadia Ahmad Satmi 3HQ Bidacare PT2290 Bandar Baru Pasir Puteh, 16800, Pasir Puteh, Kelantan, Malaysia
  • Norarida Abd Rhani Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Kelantan, 18500 Machang, Kelantan, Malaysia , MARA University of Technology image/svg+xml
  • Suriana Alias Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Kelantan, 18500 Machang, Kelantan, Malaysia , MARA University of Technology image/svg+xml
  • Firdawati Mohamed Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Kelantan, 18500 Machang, Kelantan, Malaysia , MARA University of Technology image/svg+xml

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15282/daam.v7i2.12985

Keywords:

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), Neutrosophic algebraic structures, Neutrosophic graphs, SEIR model, Epidemic modelling

Abstract

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a viral disease common among children and spreads rapidly through close-contact networks. Various studies have been conducted on neutrosophic, most recently in the field of infectious disease epidemics. Traditional epidemiological models, such as Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR), often fail to account for uncertainties and indeterminate relationships inherent in real-world disease transmission. This study introduces a modelling approach that integrates neutrosophic algebraic structures and neutrosophic graphs, providing a framework that captures both deterministic and indeterminate aspects of HFMD dynamics. The population is represented by the group of integers modulo 9, denoted as , which is transformed into a neutrosophic group to incorporate degrees of truth, indeterminacy, and falsehood in transmission processes. Neutrosophic graphs are constructed to illustrate the interactions between epidemiological states. By combining algebraic structures and neutrosophic, this approach offers a novel perspective on epidemic modelling and offers more adaptable and useful information into HFMD spread, particularly in environments characterized by incomplete or uncertain data.

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Published

2026-09-30

Issue

Vol. 7 No. 2: September 2026

Section

Research Articles

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Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s)

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

[1]
N. F. Azman, N. F. Erman, N. Ahmad Satmi, N. Abd Rhani, S. Alias, and F. Mohamed, “Epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease on networks using neutrosophic algebraic structures”, Data Anal. Appl. Math., vol. 7, no. 2, p. In-Press, Sep. 2026, doi: 10.15282/daam.v7i2.12985.