The Role of the Safety, Health, and Environment Code of Practice (SHE COP) in Mitigating Bus Crashes: A Case Study in Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15282/construction.v5i2.12215Keywords:
Bus crashes, Safety and health, Before-after study, Road safety management , Driver managementAbstract
In Malaysia, bus-related road crashes, while comparatively infrequent, often result in disproportionately high numbers of fatalities, resulting in an initiative by MIROS to introduce the Safety, Health and Environment Code of Practice (SHE COP) for the transportation sector in 2007, to enhance bus safety operations and mitigate such incidents. This paper aims to assess the impact of the SHE COP implementation on bus-related road crashes and fatalities. The number of bus crashes from the year 1993 to 2022, collected from the annual road traffic accident statistics report published by the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP), was utilised. A before-after comparison for the period before and after the SHE COP was introduced was used to evaluate the statistics. The study reveals a significant decrease in bus crashes following implementation (t0.025,28=3.066, p-value = 0.005), indicating a systemic improvement in bus safety practices. These findings underscore the effectiveness of SHE COP in reducing both the frequency of bus crashes and associated fatalities. This research provides empirical support for ongoing enhancements to SHE COP implementation within the transportation industry.
Downloads
References
[1] S. Rohayu, H. Rizati, S. M. R. Sharifah Allyana, R. Azzuhana, J. Nurulhuda, and H. Nur Zarifah, “Road Safety in Malaysia,” in Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of ASEAN Road Safety 2018, Putrajaya, 2018, pp. 128-133.
[2] Ministry of Works, Malaysia, “Road Traffic Volume Malaysia, 2014,” Malaysia, 2015.
[3] Ministry of Works, Malaysia, “Road Traffic Volume Malaysia, 2018,” Malaysia, 2019.
[4] Ministry of Works, Malaysia, “Road Traffic Volume Malaysia 2024,” Highway Planning Division, Ministry of Works Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 2024.
[5] A. L. Patwary, “Bus safety during COVID-19: Analyzing bus-involved crashes and economic harm,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 178-185, 2024.
[6] Y. Fadhli, H. Zarir, S. Sharifah Allyana, M. Norlen and S. Wong, “Road collision involving express buses travelling at wee hours (12.00 - 6.00 am): MIROS Evaluation Report 04/2009,” Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research, Kuala Lumpur, 2009.
[7] N. Manap, M. N. Borhan, M. M. R. Yazid, and N. A. Wahid, “An overview of heavy vehicle accidents characteristic on expressways in Malaysia,” IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering, vol. Volume 1144, no. 1, pp. 012087, 2021.
[8] C. G Prato and S. Kaplan, “Bus accident severity and passenger injury: Evidence from Denmark,” European Transport Research Review, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 17-30, 2014.
[9] Royal Malaysia Police, “Statistical Report of Road Accident Malaysia,” Bukit Aman Traffic Branch, Kuala Lumpur, 2008.
[10] Royal Malaysia Police, “Statistical Report of Road Accidents Malaysia,” Bukit Aman Traffic Branch, Kuala Lumpur, 2010.
[11] Jabatan Siasatan dan Penguatkuasaan Trafik, “Laporan Perangkaan Kemalangan Jalan Raya Malaysia,” Ibu Pejabat Polis Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur, 2023.
[12] M. Othman, S. Rohayu, H. Zarir, P. Noor Faradila, and S. Wong, “The Effect of Driver Management System According to SHE COP in Reducing Speed Violations: MRR 11/2009,” Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research, 2009.
[13] Z. A. A. N. Syukri, M. J. Zulhaidi, D. W. Kak, M. R. M. Amirudin, and A. K. K. Anwar, “Establishment of an independent safety board in Malaysia: A case study of the Genting Highlands bus crash,” Journal of Advanced Research in Occupational Safety and Health, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2019.
[14] The Independent Advisory Panel to The Minister of Transport Malayia, “A Report on Genting Highlands Bus Crash,” Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS), Putrajaya, 2014.
[15] Z. Ahmad Noor Syukri, M. Siti Atiqah, L. Fauziana and A. Abdul Rahmat, “MIROS Crash Investigation and Reconstruction Annual Statistical Report 2007-2011: MRR 05/2012,” Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS), Kuala Lumpur, 2012.
[16] N. Isah and N. F. Mohd Soid, “Analysis of factors associated with speeding among road users in Malaysia,” Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation: Part I, vol. 15, no. 15, pp. 1-8, 2021.
[17] N. Mohamed, M. F. Yusoff, I. Othman, Z. H. Zulkipli, M. R. Osman, and S. V. Wong, “An impact assessment of banning wee-hour express bus operations,” Injury Prevention, vol. 16, no. Suppl 1, pp. A81-A81, 2010.
[18] J. Davidovic, D. Pesic, and B. Antic, “Professional drivers' fatigue as a problem of the modern era,” Transprtation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior, vol. 55, pp. 199-209, 2018.
[19] J. May and C. Baldwin, “Driver Fatigue: The importance of identifying causal factors of fatigue when considering detection and countermeasure technologies,” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 218-224, 2009.
[20] D. Dawson and K. Reid, “Fatigue, alcohol and performance impairment,” Nature, vol. 235, p. 388, 1997.
[21] National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), “Highway accident report: Motorcoach roadway departure and overturn on US Highway 83 near Laredo, Texas,” NTSB, 2016.
[22] D. Blower and K. L. Campbell, “The large truck crash causation study,” University of Michigan Transportation Reserach Institute (UMTRI), 2002.
[23] Z. H. Zulkipli, S. A Mohd Faudzi, K. D Wing, A. N. S Zainal Abidin, I. Abdul Hamid, F. Lamin, et al., “Failure analysis in vehicular crash reconstruction,” Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 150-160, 2024.
[24] Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research, “Kod Amalan Keselamatan, Kesihatan dan Alam Sekitar untuk Sektor Pengangkutan,” Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS), 2007.
[25] R. A. Sofian Bastuti, “Safety riding analysis using the PDCA concept for plumbing fitting industry employees in Tangerang,” Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 135-141, 2022.
[26] Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514), Kuala Lumpur: The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia, 1994.
[27] Ministry of Human Resources, “Occupational Safety and Health Industry Code of Practice for Road Transport Activities 2010,” Department of Occupational Safety and Health, 2010.
[28] The Land Public Transport Commission (SPAD), Buku Panduan S.P.A.D. ICOP - Keselamatan dan Kod Amalan Industri S.P.A.D - Keselamatan untuk Pengendali Bas, The Land Public Transport Commission (SPAD), 2016 (Second Edition).
[29] The Land Public Transport Commission (SPAD), Buku Panduan S.P.A.D ICOP - Keselamatan dan Kod Amalan Industri S.P.A.D - Keselamatan untuk Pengendali Berlesen Perkhidmatan Kenderaan Barangan, Putrajaya: The Land Public Transport Commission (SPAD), 2015, (Second Edition).
[30] M. S. Ahmad, W. Ameer Batcha, I. Othman and A. H. Ariffin, “Development of safety star rating system for express bus operator in Malaysia,” Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 306-317, 2021.
[31] C. G. Prato and S. Kaplan, “Bus accident severity and passenger injury: Evidence from Denmark,” European Transport Research Review, pp. 17-30, 2014.
[32] S. Thobias, E. Mtoi and M. Ren, “Potential causes of driver fatigue: A study on transit bus operators in Florida,” Transportation Research Board 90th Annual Meeting, Washington DC, United States, 2010, pp. 1-15.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
