CONSTRUCTION (e-ISSN: 2785-8731) is an international, peer-reviewed open-access journal published by Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Malaysia. All content is freely available without embargo or charge to the user(s) or institution(s). Welcomes articles and research contributions in Structures & Materials Engineering, Hydraulics and Hydrology Engineering, Soil Mechanics / Geotechnical Engineering, Construction Engineering & Project Management, Highway and Transportation Engineering, Environmental Studies & Wastewater Engineering, Geohazards Studies and Impact Assessment, Water Resources Engineering and Management, Applications of Geoinformatics in Civil and Environmental Engineering. CONSTRUCTION is currently indexed in Scopus, Malaysia Citation Index (MyCite).
Investigation of Energy Dissipation for a Submerged Breakwater Using Computational Fluid Dynamic Model Flow-3D
The dynamic interaction between waves and coastal structures is an ongoing challenge, and the performance of submerged breakwaters is essential for coastal protection. As physical modeling is costly and complex, this study uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to numerically investigate wave behaviour and energy dissipation over a submerged horizontal breakwater with a 0.5-meter head above its crest. The methodology employs the FLOW-3D software, solving the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations coupled with the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method for free-surface tracking. The main findings confirm the model's capability to accurately simulate wave run-up and energy dissipation. This demonstrates the utility of FLOW-3D as a dependable, cost-effective alternative to physical experimentation for optimizing submerged breakwater designs and enhancing coastal stability.
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Seismic Fragility Characterization of Grid-Like Frame Structures
Historically, the design of reinforced concrete (RC) moment-resisting frames in regions of moderate seismicity, such as Malaysia, has been predominantly governed by gravity load requirements, which renders a considerable portion of the existing building stock vulnerable to earthquake-related risks. This study presents a parametric seismic fragility assessment of low-rise reinforced concrete (RC) grid-like frames, representative of structures in Malaysia where design has traditionally emphasized gravity loads. A suite of building archetypes was developed to capture systematic variations in key structural and geometric parameters, including plan configuration, story height, bay aspect ratio, column and beam cross-sectional area. Each archetype was subjected to Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) using nine ground motion records from the PEER NGA-West2 database. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) was employed as the intensity measure, and maximum interstory drift ratio (MaxIDR) was adopted as the engineering demand parameter. Fragility functions were constructed for five predefined damage states specified by international seismic performance guidelines, ranging from Slight Damage to Collapse. Results indicate that archetypes with smaller member sizes and more rectangular bay layouts (lower aspect ratios) exhibit a significantly higher probability of extensive damage at lower shaking intensities. The proposed framework which comprises a fragility catalog for detailed risk evaluation and a computationally efficient regression model for rapid vulnerability screening—provides a valuable tool for seismic risk assessment, disaster mitigation planning, and prioritization of retrofitting strategies in Malaysia and similar regions.
A Review on the Modification of Cold‑Mix Asphalt for Pavement Construction
Cold mix asphalt (CMA) reduces energy input and greenhouse gas emissions through production and placement at ambient temperatures. The chief limitations entail high air-void content, long curing time, and initial low strength. This systematic review aggregates recent experimental work related to additives targeting these disadvantages. Geopolymer additives develop hardened structures improving Marshall stability and, when used at optimal asphalt-geopolymer ratio, allow short curing times. Industrial by-product fillers, i.e., paper sludge ash and cement kiln dust, increase stiffness and reduce cure times and offer more environmentally friendly substitutes for conventional fillers. Nanomaterials have been widely studied in hot-mix asphalt and binder contexts; they can modify viscosity and increase rut resistance but at the potential cost of sacrificing low-temperature ductility. Very few studies have directly applied nanoparticles to CMA in peer-reviewed research, and this represents an important gap in research findings. Among CMA studies investigated here, overall CMA performance was generally boosted in terms of resilient modulus, resilient and permanent deformation, and moisture resistance; excessive stiffening could, however, undermine fatigue resistance. The review highlights important research questions related to long-term durability, life-cycle performance, and dosage optimization and highlights priorities for future CMA research.
Improved Settlement Modeling of Leca Column–Raft Systems in Soft Clay: Influence of Friction Angle and Material Properties
Stone columns are widely recognized as an effective ground improvement technique to enhance the bearing capacity of soft clay, reduce compressibility, and accelerate consolidation by providing drainage for excess pore water. Conventional columns are typically filled with coarse aggregates, but increasing attention is now given to sustainable and lightweight alternatives. This study investigates the use of Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) as filler material in column raft systems. Numerical modelling was performed in PLAXIS 3D (2020), with LECA represented by the Mohr-Coulomb model and soft clay by the Hardening Soil model. Drained analysis was adopted to capture long-term settlement behaviour. A comprehensive parametric study examined the effects of area replacement ratio, raft thickness, and internal friction angle on settlement performance. The novelty of this research lies in the development of two predictive models for estimating settlement in LECA-filled column raft systems. Unlike previous studies, the proposed models extend the existing Settlement Prediction Model (IP_CR-2019_0349) by incorporating a wider range of LECA properties, including internal friction angle and modulus, which vary with production sources. The validated design chart provides practical guidance for engineers in applying LECA columns to improve soft clay foundations. Overall, the study demonstrates that LECA is a lightweight, durable, and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional aggregates, with strong potential for sustainable ground improvement.
Sulfate Resistance of Green Concrete Incorporating Ceramic Waste Powder and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
This study investigates the sulfate resistance of green concrete incorporating ceramic waste powder (CWP) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as supplementary cementitious materials. The objective was to evaluate the impact of binary CWP–SCBA replacements on the durability and mechanical performance of concrete subjected to prolonged sulfate exposure. Six concrete mixes were developed with varying replacement levels (0–30%) by total binder weight. The experimental program assessed workability, compressive strength, mass change, and strength retention of specimens exposed to a 5% sodium sulfate solution for up to 90 days. The results showed that incorporating CWP and SCBA slightly reduced slump and density but significantly enhanced sulfate resistance compared to the control. The mix containing 15% SCBA and 5% CWP (M5) achieved the lowest mass loss and the highest strength retention (80.3%) after 90 days. This improvement was attributed to the pozzolanic activity and filler effects, which refined the microstructure and reduced permeability. These findings demonstrate that the combined use of ceramic and agricultural waste can improve concrete durability in sulfate-rich environments, supporting sustainable construction and waste valorization. The study recommends the partial replacement of Portland cement with CWP and SCBA as a viable and eco-friendly approach for enhancing concrete longevity in aggressive conditions.
Influence of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Aggregate on the Mechanical Properties of Very-High Strength Heat-Resistant Concrete
Very-High Strength Heat-Resistant Concrete (VHSHRC) endures elevated temperatures for extended durations without performance deterioration. Furthermore, it exhibits enhanced resistance to spalling, loss of strength, and diminished durability. The use of VHSHRC is particularly evident in scenarios involving prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures, such as power plants, industrial facilities, and areas susceptible to fires. The increasing need for resource-efficient building materials in concrete structures demands the assessment and performance implications of integrating Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) aggregate into Very High Strength High-Performance Concrete (VHSHRC) mixes. The use of RAP aggregate is an exemplary option for constructions aiming to reduce environmental impact, optimise resource efficiency, and conform to the increasing focus on sustainability. This research employed RAP aggregate as a partial substitute for quartz sand at rates of 4%, 5%, 6%, and 7%. Mechanical tests were performed on VHSHRC exposed to various high temperatures and exposure periods. The research findings revealed that the optimal ratio of RAP aggregate was 5%, resulting in increases in compressive strength and split tensile strength of 3.34% and 3.68%, respectively.
The Role of the Safety, Health, and Environment Code of Practice (SHE COP) in Mitigating Bus Crashes: A Case Study in Malaysia
In Malaysia, bus-related road crashes, while comparatively infrequent, often result in disproportionately high numbers of fatalities, resulting in an initiative by MIROS to introduce the Safety, Health and Environment Code of Practice (SHE COP) for the transportation sector in 2007, to enhance bus safety operations and mitigate such incidents. This paper aims to assess the impact of the SHE COP implementation on bus-related road crashes and fatalities. The number of bus crashes from the year 1993 to 2022, collected from the annual road traffic accident statistics report published by the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP), was utilised. A before-after comparison for the period before and after the SHE COP was introduced was used to evaluate the statistics. The study reveals a significant decrease in bus crashes following implementation (t0.025,28=3.066, p-value = 0.005), indicating a systemic improvement in bus safety practices. These findings underscore the effectiveness of SHE COP in reducing both the frequency of bus crashes and associated fatalities. This research provides empirical support for ongoing enhancements to SHE COP implementation within the transportation industry.
Behavior of Micromobility User Towards Different Road Category
The rise of micromobility solutions, particularly e-scooters and e-bikes, is reshaping urban mobility patterns in Malaysian cities. Despite their growing popularity, the behavioral dynamics and safety implications of micromobility users across various road categories remain insufficiently understood. This gap presents a challenge for developing responsive infrastructure and policies that ensure safe integration into existing transport systems. This study aims to examine the behavior, preferences, and safety concerns of micromobility users—focusing on their interaction with four distinct road types: expressways, federal roads, city centers, and residential areas. A mixed-method approach was adopted, comprising two main stages: (i) online surveys to capture user demographics, preferences, and risk perceptions, and (ii) on-site observational studies to assess user positioning, speed, helmet usage, and visibility practices across the selected road categories. The findings reveal notable behavioral differences based on road types. For instance, e-scooter usage was nearly non-existent on expressways, while bicycle users on federal roads and city centers showed a 67% rate of helmet use and a 74% compliance with lighting visibility standards during low-light conditions. In conclusion, the study highlights the urgent need for road-type-specific infrastructure enhancements, reinforced safety regulations, and awareness campaigns tailored to micromobility users. These insights are essential for urban planners and policymakers aiming to foster a safer, more inclusive micromobility ecosystem in Malaysia.
Review of Asphalt Pavement Adaptation to Climate Change: Enhancing Resilience and Sustainability
Climate change significantly accelerates the degradation of asphalt pavements due to elevated temperatures, heavy rainfall, flooding, and severe weather phenomena. These environmental stressors reduce pavement longevity, increase maintenance expenses, and pose safety risks. This study examined recent research on the effects of climate change on asphalt pavement performance and assessed adaptation strategies aimed at enhancing resilience and sustainability. The research consolidated discoveries concerning temperature-induced rutting, moisture-related fatigue cracking, and material deterioration resulting from freeze-thaw cycles. Essential adaptation strategies were categorised into three main types: material advancements, structural modifications, and maintenance technologies. Material developments emphasised high-performance binders, nanomaterial additions, and recycled components to enhance heat and moisture resistance. Structural changes improved drainage and energy efficiency, including the implementation of permeable pavements and thermoelectric systems. Maintenance strategies, such as optimisation-based scheduling, enhanced binder treatments, and predictive monitoring via the Internet of Things (IoT), provided proactive solutions to prolong pavement longevity. This study highlighted that effective adaptation relies on incorporating climatic data into design models and life-cycle cost evaluations. Despite the cost and technical capacity challenges, adopting climate-resilient technology is essential for sustainable road infrastructure. This research offered pragmatic recommendations to inform future engineering practices and policy decisions in climate-adaptive pavement design.
Assessment of the Sustainable Development Potential of Traditional Villages in Sichuan
This study examines traditional villages in Sichuan Province, focusing on the challenges posed by modernization and urbanization—such as population outflow, inadequate infrastructure, and ecological degradation. A comprehensive evaluation system was developed, encompassing three dimensions: natural environment, socio-economic conditions, and development potential. The research employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process, GIS spatial analysis to assess the sustainable development potential of traditional villages across different regions of Sichuan. The results reveal a significant spatial gradient in sustainable development, with higher scores observed in areas characterized by stronger economic development, favorable ecological conditions, and greater development potential. In contrast, regions with scarce natural resources and weak infrastructure scored lower. Further analysis highlights those natural environmental factors—such as elevation, slope, and green coverage rate—are key determinants of village livability. Socio-economic factors, including population density and income growth rate, influence development vitality, while development potential is significantly affected by spatial agglomeration, tourism resources, and national honors. The study also proposes region-specific development strategies, emphasizing the promotion of green industries and technological innovation in high-scoring areas, while focusing on strengthening infrastructure, diversifying industries, and improving ecological management in medium- and low-scoring regions.
Stakeholder Perspectives on Organizational Performance Failure in Malaysia Construction Projects
The construction industry is often associated with failures in organizational performance, which can result in substantial economic challenges and hinder project delivery. This study investigates key stakeholder perspectives on organizational performance failures in Malaysia’s construction sector. A qualitative approach was adopted using open-ended questionnaires completed by 155 respondents from contracting firms, developers, consultants, and public agencies. Thematic analysis revealed recurring challenges in leadership, communication, resource allocation, and project management. These findings highlight the interconnected nature of organizational deficiencies and underscore the need for leadership development, improved collaboration, and strategic planning. The study contributes stakeholder-grounded insights for enhancing organizational performance in construction projects.
Role of Numerical Modelling in Understanding Soft Soil Behaviour Under Construction Load
This study reviewed the application of numerical modelling in soft soil subjected to different construction loads. Various models to simulate clayey soils were discussed which included the Modified Cam Clay (MCC) model and Elastic-viscoplastic (EVP) model. The MCC model was useful for predicting soil settlement and pore water pressure through a 2D FEA model, but the EVP model performed more accurately in predicting soil settlements, lateral displacements and excess pore water pressures. A 3D numerical model using HSM for pile raft foundations accurately predicted the displacement under working loads based on the non-linear soil elasticity and plasticity. Case studies on tunnels constructed on soft soil were presented. Numerical simulations had been found reliable in simulating the settlements and slope stability. The findings emphasized the importance of numerical modelling to enhance design optimization in geotechnical aspects.
Performance of Geosynthetics in Reinforcing Soft Ground for Construction
The use of geosynthetics to reinforce soft ground is crucial in addressing the challenges posed by soft soils, including their low shear strength, high compressibility, and inadequate drainage. These challenging soil conditions, frequently found in regions like Malaysia, present major obstacles to infrastructure development. This research examines how geosynthetic materials such as geogrids, geotextiles, and vertical drains can offer innovative solutions to enhance soil stability and load capacity. By reviewing three case studies, the study illustrates how geogrids reduced settlement in a railway project, geotextiles stabilized road embankments on soft ground, and vertical drains sped up soil consolidation. These cases show that geosynthetics improve stability, shorten construction time, and support durable infrastructure on soft soils. This study examines the use of geosynthetics, including geogrids for high-speed railway embankments in Malaysia, geotextiles for road stabilization in Indonesia, and prefabricated vertical drains for ground improvement in Egypt. The findings highlight the practical advantages of geosynthetics in improving construction efficiency, promoting sustainability, and enhancing resilience in soft soil conditions. Ultimately, this paper adds to the expanding body of knowledge on advanced geotechnical methods, emphasizing the crucial role of geosynthetics in modern construction practices.
Advancements in Ground Improvement Techniques for Soft Soils
Ground improvement techniques are essential for enhancing the engineering properties of soft soils, which is typically characterized by low shear strength, high compressibility, and poor drainage characteristics. Over the years, several ground improvement methods have been developed and applied to mitigate the challenges posed by soft soils in construction projects. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the most widely used techniques for soft soil improvement, including deep mixing, jet grouting, preloading, and vertical drains. Each method is evaluated in terms of its feasibility, cost-effectiveness, application areas, and efficiency. Case studies from various regions are examined to highlight the practical implementation of these techniques in real-world scenarios, with particular attention to their performance in improving soil strength, accelerating consolidation, and reducing settlement. The findings indicate that while each method has its strengths and limitations, a combination of techniques often yields the best results, depending on site-specific conditions. This paper concludes by recommending optimal approaches for the use of ground improvement techniques based on soil characteristics, project scale, and environmental considerations, ultimately contributing to safer and more sustainable construction practices in soft soil environments.
Unravelling the Challenges of Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Construction Projects: A Comprehensive Analysis of Barriers to Acceptance
In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a key enabler of digital transformation across various industries, including construction. Despite its potential to enhance project delivery through improvements in productivity, quality, and cost-efficiency, the adoption of AI in construction remains limited, particularly in developing countries. To address this gap, this study investigates the core barriers hindering the acceptance and adoption of AI technology in construction projects and aims to identify and prioritize the most significant among them. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected through a web-based survey targeting technologists and contractors. The study employed the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate four main barrier categories—motivation, incentives, skills, and cost—each comprising several sub-factors. Findings revealed that motivation (34.40%) is the most significant barrier, followed by incentives (27.20%), skills (21.20%), and cost (17.30%). The top three sub-factors were suspicious performance (M3) at 39.10%, lack of political support (I2) at 36.43%, and poor public acceptability (M2) at 35.79%. These findings offer important insights for policymakers and construction stakeholders to develop targeted interventions that support the integration of AI technologies, aligned with Industry 4.0 initiatives.
Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Groundwater Using Tropical Wetland Plants: Lepironia articulata and Typha angustifolia
This study examines the efficacy of Lepironia articulata and Typha angustifolia in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF-CWs) for removing organic pollutants and heavy metals from contaminated water over a 10-week monitoring period. For Lepironia articulata, the average COD, BOD₅, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Cu concentrations were 38.2 mg/L, 13.09 mg/L, 0.0416 mg/L, 0.0368 mg/L, 1.1539 mg/L, and 0.0096 mg/L, with corresponding removal efficiencies of 31.02%, 22.89%, 11.18%, 19.87%, 23.18%, and 22.53%, respectively. For Typha angustifolia, they were 50.7 mg/L, 11.43 mg/L, 0.0289 mg/L, 0.0163 mg/L, 0.9795 mg/L, and 0.0095 mg/L, with removal efficiencies of 8.24%, 38.34%, 37.16%, 57.41%, 32.83%, and 34.08%, respectively. FESEM-EDX imaging revealed distinct accumulation patterns, as Lepironia articulata tended to sequester more metals in its leaves, whereas Typha angustifolia retained a greater proportion in the stem. These findings highlight the complementary strengths of both macrophytes in mitigating organic and metal contaminants through wetland-based treatment.
Comparative Analysis Between Landsat and MODIS Data for Urban Heat Island Mapping in Kuala Lumpur
The urban heat island effect, a critical environmental challenge exacerbated by urbanization, significantly impacts climate change, energy consumption, and public health. Remote sensing technology offers an efficient approach for UHI monitoring, with Landsat and MODIS being the most widely used data sources. This study evaluates the applicability of Landsat 8/9 (30 m spatial resolution) and MODIS LST (MOD11A1, 1 km spatial resolution) data in UHI monitoring, using Kuala Lumpur as a case study from 2015 to 2024. We compare land surface temperature retrieval accuracy, assess the influence of spatial and temporal resolution on UHI detection. Higher NDVI value (>0.1) reduces UHI by cooling, while higher LST (>31.43° C) intensifies UHI through surface heating. Results indicate that Landsat’s high spatial resolution (30 m) makes it more suitable for microscale urban heat island analysis, whereas MODIS, with its high temporal resolution (daily observations), is better suited for large-scale, dynamic UHI monitoring. This study provides valuable insights for selecting optimal remote sensing data for UHI research, supporting urban planning and climate mitigation strategies.
Traffic-Related Air Pollutants and Health Impacts on E-Hailing Services Drivers in Southeast Asia: A Literature Review
E-hailing services in Southeast Asia have revolutionised transportation, which raises concerns about air pollution exposure among drivers, who often spend extended hours in high-traffic areas. This paper review evaluates exposure to traffic-related air pollutants and the health impacts on e-hailing drivers in Southeast Asia, providing insights to support urban policymakers and stakeholders in designing safer, healthier transportation models. The result of the review illustrates particulate matter, ozone, sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are the sources of traffic related air pollutants, with associated main risks for respiratory and cardiovascular health. Owing to the lack of research on the e-hailing service, there is little evidence in the existing literature on health impacts dimension of e-hailing services. This indicates a need for further research in this area to further investigate health impacts and evaluate the benefits and challenges associated with e-hailing service as an urban transport solution.
Development of Global Navigation Satellite System Mission Planning Simulator for Determining Optimum Observation Duration
The use of Static Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has become widespread in geodetic applications due to its ability to provide highly accurate positioning. One of the main sources of errors in GNSS positioning is the ionospheric delay, which has a significant impact especially during periods of maximum solar activity. Previous solar cycle 24 indicated that solar maximum and solar minimum occurred in 2014 and 2019, respectively. This highlights the need for extensive collection of GNSS data to minimize the effects of the ionosphere. This study aimed to develop a simulator for mission planning to determine the optimum duration for GNSS static observation. The Malaysia Real-Time Kinematic GNSS network (MyRTKnet) was used, focusing on three baseline categories: short (<50km), medium (50km to 100km), and long (>100km). The static GNSS data were processed using Trimble Business Centre (TBC), and statistical adjustment was performed based on the standard deviation of delta X, delta Y, delta Z, horizontal, and vertical components. The results of the study indicated that to achieve higher precision in GPS baseline solutions during high ionosphere activity, an observation duration of at least two hours is necessary, particularly to improve vertical precision. Furthermore, the precision of the baseline solution was higher during solar maximum compared to solar minimum. A comparison between the simulation and field data acquisition demonstrated that the simulator successfully estimated the horizontal and vertical precision through statistical analysis. Ultimately, it is expected that this simulator will assist surveyors in determining the optimum duration for GNSS static observation.
Investigation of Wind Pressure Coefficient Distribution on High-rise Building due to Different Shape Modifications using Computer Simulation
High-rise buildings are rapidly flourishing in various regions due to accelerating industrialization and increasing population density. The limited availability of land has driven this trend. Nonetheless, wind pressure significantly influences the design and structural stability of these tall structures. Therefore, it is crucial to account for wind loads when designing high-rise buildings, particularly in areas prone to strong winds, such as coastal regions, where winds can exert substantial force on the structure. This study focuses on analyzing wind pressure coefficient distribution around high-rise buildings by examining building shapes modifications and wind flow behavior through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The suggested tapering ratio and aerodynamic modification factor is 10% was applied to this study. The findings reveal that the maximum negative pressure coefficient (CP) or suction observed is -1.630, associated with the M4 model, which features a tapering design with rounded corners. This high suction is attributed to wind flow behavior for instance the flow separation and reattachment at the edge of the building's top (Zone 2). Except for the M4 model, which has a rounded edge on the leeward side, the thickness of the recirculation eddies is nearly uniform across all models. The M4 model's design results in a smaller wake region and reduced turbulence on the leeward side. Therefore, the M4 shape is the most effective in minimizing the impact of wind on the building structure.
Suitability Analysis of Satellite Surveying Using GNSS for Modern Cadastre Practice
Modern cadaster systems uses space-based positioning techniques like GNSS, which are affected by orbital, atmospheric errors, and carrier phase ambiguity. To ensure consistency in cadaster mapping using geocentric Cassini GDM2000, Malaysia uses a cadaster system that utilizes Cadastral Reference Mark (CRM). This study examined two GNSS positioning methods for cadaster surveying, Rapid Static and Real-Time Kinematic (RTK), for CRM establishment with three objectives: creating CRMs using these methods, surveying cadaster lots and adjusting measurements using CRM positions, and analyzing the effectiveness of the techniques' by comparing area changes and coordinate offsets with NDCDB data. GNSS baseline vectors from CRM were linked to the nearest Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) using both methods, and network adjustments were made in GDM2000. The coordinate of CRM in Cassini GDM2000 was transformed by using map projection. Analysis showed that both Rapid Static and RTK methods achieve similar accuracy levels when the distance to reference station is lower than 20 km. Both GNSS measurement methods demonstrate their effectiveness in cadastral surveying by achieving the 5% tolerance required for areas under 40 hectars, as specified by the regulations. However, RTK does not provide measurement traceability as compared to Rapid Static mode. The study utilized CORS from MyRTKnet and NRCnet in GDM2000 coordinate system. The analysis from this studies will be beneficial for understanding positioning solution from Real-Time GNSS measurements and their applicability in cadastral surveying. By establishing CRMs through these methods, the research contributes to the optimization of cadastral processes and highlights the importance of selecting appropriate GNSS techniques based on factors such as distance to CORS and traceability requirements. This research supports Malaysia’s National Geospaital Policy and contributes to Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), by advancing efficient and reliable land administration practices.
Active Design Features in Hot-Humid Countries: Summary of a Survey
Although passive design strategies considerably reduce building energy consumption and CO2 emission, they cannot be used alone, as they rely on the sun and wind, which may not always maintain comfortable ambient temperature during different times of the day, season and year. Various active design features are therefore used to complement the situation. This requires practicing suitable active features that match the underlying climate of different regions/countries. As such, the aim of this study was to identify the practice of various active design features for buildings in hot-humid countries like Brunei. A quantitative questionnaire survey of 122 responses from construction industry participants was used. It was observed that seven of the commonly known eight active features are seen to be consistently practiced in Brunei, with the priority of electric lighting system, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, and electric fans. Although practicing these features are not sustainable, such priority might have the roots in relatively much lower energy price. Moreover, some more sustainable active features are practiced less frequently or of low priority, like solar panels, cool roof technology, and heat pump technology. These may be more preferred in some other countries, with high energy price. Respondents are not sure about the application of only one active feature: operable louvers or blinds, probably due to lack of information and knowledge. Similar priority was observed in different groups based on affiliation and profession. The only disagreements observed on the level of importance of two active features by the groups based on affiliation, although the features were seen consistently important in all the groups. The overall results were interpreted as a lack of awareness and information on the sustainability aspect of using energy, as respondents preferred less-sustainable active features due to low energy price. Policy makers are expected to use the outcomes in devising suitable programs and regulation, towards practicing more sustainable design features of buildings in hot-humid countries.
Investigate Concrete Gravity Dam Under Single And Repeated Earthquake Event With Different Water Level
Concrete gravity the massive structure that plays a significant role in the community. The Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) was performed to develop the IDA curve for the concrete gravity dam, considering dam height and water level variations in response to single and repeated earthquake events. Using the Koyna dam's material properties, a nonlinear numerical analysis model is developed in AB QUS. Five ground motions were converted to the response spectrum and scaled according to the developed elastic response spectrum to match the characteristics of the ground motion to the soil type. IDA curves were generated to illustrate the damage states at various ground motion intensities. For the 50 m dam with full and half water height, the average maximum crest displacement is 8.91 mm, 25.13 mm and 9.71 mm, 34.71 mm respectively. For the 100 m dam with full and half water height, the average maximum crest displacement at the yielding and ultimate states is 24.44 mm, 46.09 mm and 41.65 mm, 72.99 mm respectively. It shows that the higher dam receives significantly greater damage during earthquakes. Subsequently, dams with lower water level experienced more serious damage as PGA increased. Furthermore, the dam received greater destruction due to repeated earthquakes than a single earthquake event.
Investigation of Water Flow Behaviour Around Circular Bridge Pier Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Structure resistance such as bridge pier to flooding is a critical parameter that should be taken into consideration in analysis and design to prevent any structure failures mainly under natural disasters. Moreover, flood phenomenon has the ability to cause a turbulence flow that leads to increments of water velocity that may impact the bridge piers. Thus, the main objective is to investigate and compare the water flow behaviour around a circular bridge pier with and without fender installations, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). In order to study performance of circular pier under the influence of water flow, single phase Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS), Finite Volume Method (FVM), k – epsilon and k – Omega turbulence models have been adopted in the simulation to reflect the boundary turbulence conditions. The outcome of the study indicates that installation of barriers managed to reduce adverse pressure gradient formation, leading to lesser strength of horseshoe vortex of the water flow behaviour surrounding the circular pier. In conclusion, CFD simulation tool offers effectively analyses and understands water flow behaviour around circular bridge piers, both with and without barriers installed in current study.
Utilisation of Dredged Sediment as Aggregate Substitute in Cement Composites – A Review
The reuse of dredged sediment as aggregate offers a sustainable alternative to natural sand and gravel replacements, which are becoming increasingly scarce due to over-extraction. This review examines the beneficial use of dredged sediment in construction, highlighting its potential applications, economic advantages, and environmental benefits. The findings revealed that with appropriate treatment—such as particle size refinement, washing, and calcination—DS can replace natural fine aggregates by up to 30% in mortar and concrete mixtures without significantly compromising performance. Optimal substitution rates generally range between 10–20%, improving strength through enhanced particle packing and hydration. However, high fine content and contaminants like chlorides, sulphates, and heavy metals limit higher substitution rates. Treatment techniques like the Novosol process and thermal calcination were effective but cost-prohibitive at scale. The review highlights technical, environmental, and regulatory barriers, while also emphasising the potential of DS to support circular economy practices in the construction sector. By reviewing recent studies and case examples, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of both the potential and the obstacles associated with the reuse of dredged sediment.
Engineering Properties of Asphaltic Concrete Modified with Waste Engine Oil
The depletion of crude oil reserves has spurred the search for alternative resources for road construction. The use of waste engine oil (WEO) in asphalt binders and mixtures is investigated in this study, focusing on the performance of WEO-modified mixtures and their possible advantages for the environment and the economy. This study evaluates the effects of WEO at four replacement levels: 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% by weight of bitumen. The primary goals are to measure the mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures containing WEO, determine the ideal WEO percentage, and evaluate the physical characteristics of a binder modified with WEO. The methodology includes evaluating the performance of the asphalt mixture, the properties of the binder and aggregates, and determining the optimum bitumen content (OBC). Key tests conducted in this study are the Marshall Stability and Flow tests for the asphalt mixture, the Penetration and Softening Point tests for binder characterization, and the Los Angeles Abrasion and Aggregate Crushing Value tests for assessing aggregate quality. The findings show that although WEO can affect asphalt performance, the right balance is crucial. At 0.2% WEO, the asphalt mixture achieved the highest Marshall Stability (17.71 kN) and acceptable flow value (3.1 mm), indicating improved durability and flexibility. Although, higher WEO content softens the binder further, it compromises mechanical strength. Higher WEO content led to lower stiffness and reduced load-bearing capacity. To support Malaysia's sustainable infrastructure and environmental preservation, this study attempts to optimize WEO usage. Thus, 0.2% WEO is recommended as the optimum dosage for modified bitumen to achieve enhanced pavement performance while promoting recycling of hazardous waste.
Urbanization and Land Surface Temperature in Kuantan: A Geographic Information Systems-Based Analysis of Urban Heat Island Dynamics
Rapid urbanization and industrial development in Kuantan, Malaysia, have significantly contributed to the intensification of the Urban Heat Island effect. In Kuantan, the urban heat island (UHI) effect has led to increased surface temperatures, especially in densely built areas, contributing to higher energy consumption for cooling. The loss of green spaces due to rapid urban expansion and industrial activities has further intensified heat retention, worsening thermal discomfort for residents. This study investigates the spatial and temporal dynamics of UHI in Kuantan using Landsat satellite images and Geographic Information System techniques. Land Surface Temperature (LST) data and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were analyzed to evaluate the relationship between urban expansion, vegetation cover, and surface temperature over a decade. The findings revealed a notable increase in UHI intensity, with urbanized areas experiencing higher LST compared to vegetated zones. Between 2005 and 2024, the Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII) in Kuantan increased by approximately 5°C. Areas with reduced vegetation cover, such as industrial and commercial zones, demonstrated heightened heat accumulation, while green spaces effectively mitigated urban heat. These results underscore the critical importance of integrating green infrastructure into urban planning to address the challenges posed by UHI. The study provides actionable insights for sustainable urban development strategies in tropical cities like Kuantan.
Phytoremediation for Water Quality Improvement: A Sustainable Strategy for Pollutant Mitigation in the North China Plain
Phytoremediation is a financially feasible and ecologically sound methodology that capitalizes on the inherent qualities of plants to mitigate and remediate environmental pollutants arising from diverse sources. These pollutants include heavy metals, nutrients, antibiotics, pesticides, as well as other emerging contaminants. This synthesis encompasses a scoping review of phytoremediation, elucidating its fundamental techniques and removal effectiveness. Through a comprehensive examination of existing research, the optimal plant-based remediation scheme for addressing the water quality concerns of Baiyangdian has been identified, demonstrating significant potential for sustainable water resource management in the region.
Strategic Identification of Flash Flood Risks in Malaysian Construction: Integrating Stakeholder Perspectives for Enhanced Resilience in Pre-Construction and Construction Phases
The Malaysian construction industry faces escalating challenges from flash floods, exacerbated by rapid urbanization and climate change. While geographic and infrastructural vulnerabilities are well-researched, a critical gap exists in understanding how construction-phase activities contribute to flood risks. This study addresses this gap by systematically identifying flash flood risks associated with the pre-construction and construction phases, offering industry professionals and policymakers actionable insights. Through semi-structured interviews with 29 key stakeholders, including project managers, engineers, and public authorities, this study applies thematic analysis to uncover three primary risk categories: (1) location risks, including inadequate stormwater management and topographic challenges, (2) pre-construction risks, such as project scale, site location, and offsite impacts, and (3) construction-phase risks, particularly poor scheduling, and failure to implement best management practices. The findings highlight that insufficient planning and mitigation during construction significantly heighten flood vulnerabilities, yet these factors are often overlooked in current practice. To address these challenges, this research proposes a comprehensive framework for integrating flood risk management into construction project planning and execution. Key recommendations include using sustainable construction techniques, such as permeable surfaces, bio-retention ponds, detention ponds, silt fences, and green infrastructure. For policymakers, the study calls for updated regulatory guidelines to enforce stricter flood resilience measures in construction projects. Through targeted solutions for industry experts and policymakers, this research strengthens Malaysia's construction industry, enabling safer, more sustainable growth in flood-prone areas.
Integrating Lean Principles in Fire Safety Engineering for Private Al-Quran Memorization (Tahfiz) School Buildings: A Conceptual Framework
The adoption of lean principles and the establishment of a lean culture are continuing trends in both construction and post-construction buildings. This paper will examine how lean principles and fire safety management practices are integrated into the design, supply, construction, occupation, refurbishment, and demolition phases of the Private Al-Quran Memorization (Tahfiz) School (PTS). A deadly fire at Pusat Tahfiz Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah, a religious school in Kampung Datuk Keramat, in 2017, and other fire incidents that caused heightened attention on safety in these institutions led to the start of this study. This poses a significant challenge that requires immediate attention to the infrastructure and fire prevention systems of PTS. It is important to effectively implement fire safety measures to protect people, school buildings, and property from the catastrophic effects of fire. To address this issue, Lean Principles are being adopted in fire safety management, with a focus on the performance of the PTS infrastructure as a prevention approach. Lean Principles are commonly used in Lean Manufacturing, Lean Design, Lean Construction, and Lean Maintenance, and have been widely accepted by professionals worldwide. Prevention through Design (PtD) can be initiated as a general prevention principle, with various Lean Tools implemented throughout the PTS building lifecycle, including designing, construction, occupying, demolishing, and modification processes. Despite the integration of Lean Principles into fire safety engineering is yet to be studied and introduced effectively, the framework has potential benefit in developing legislation, rules, guidelines, and good practise in the government/regulatory body that could enhance the fire prevention system in the PTS.