CONSTRUCTION (e-ISSN: 2785-8731) is an international, peer-reviewed open-access journal published by Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Malaysia. All content is freely available without embargo or charge to the user(s) or institution(s). Welcomes articles and research contributions in Structures & Materials Engineering, Hydraulics and Hydrology Engineering, Soil Mechanics / Geotechnical Engineering, Construction Engineering & Project Management, Highway and Transportation Engineering, Environmental Studies & Wastewater Engineering, Geohazards Studies and Impact Assessment, Water Resources Engineering and Management, Applications of Geoinformatics in Civil and Environmental Engineering. CONSTRUCTION is currently indexed in Scopus, Malaysia Citation Index (MyCite).
Bio-cementation of tropical lateritic soil via microbially induced calcite precipitation: Strength enhancement and microstructural mechanisms
This study investigates the effectiveness of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) using Bacillus subtilis as a sustainable technique for biochemically stabilizing laterite soil. Lateritic soils, common in tropical regions, are problematic in construction due to high porosity, low strength, and brittle stress–strain responses. The main objectives were to characterize the physical properties of untreated laterite soil, evaluate the effect of MICP treatment on its stress–strain behaviour, and correlate mechanical improvements with microstructural changes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantitative image analysis. Results showed that untreated soil exhibited low peak stress (52 kN/m2) and brittle failure dominated by splitting cracks. Following MICP treatment, peak stresses improved markedly to 235 kN/m2 at 7 days, 296 kN/m2 at 14 days, and 420 kN/m2 at 30 days of curing. This shows that the strength exceeds commonly reported minimum requirements for stabilized subgrades in tropical pavement systems. Stress–strain curves showed higher stiffness, improved ductility, and more stable post-peak behaviour, while failure shifted toward cleaner shear cracking. The morphological analysis by SEM and image analyses confirmed progressive calcite precipitation, void filling, and stronger particle bonding over curing time. This study advances current knowledge by systematically integrating mechanical testing with microstructural quantification to elucidate the mechanics governing bio-cementation in laterite soils. These findings establish MICP as a low-carbon, environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical stabilizers, offering promising applications for subgrades and foundations in tropical geotechnical engineering.
Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Advanced retaining wall using reinforced soil block and rubber backfill incorporated IoT monitoring system
The critical challenge in geotechnical engineering related to the construction of a retaining wall is the poor properties of native soil, which often consist of weak materials unsuitable for structural support. Consequently, the cost of importing high-quality backfill materials is frequently required. This study investigates an innovative retaining wall system developed using kenaf fiber-reinforced soil blocks and rubber-soil backfill material integrated with an Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring system. The objectives of the study are to evaluate the properties of kenaf fiber-reinforced soil blocks and soil-rubber backfill, and to assess retaining wall stability by incorporating a real-time environmental monitoring system. The methodology was divided into two phases; Phase 1 involved laboratory evaluation of the mechanical properties of the fiber-reinforced soil block and soil-rubber backfill, while Phase 2 focused on monitoring environmental parameters using an IoT-based Arduino system. The results showed that the kenaf fiber-reinforced soil blocks at a 0.75% concentration achieved a compressive strength of 0.96 N/mm² and a flexural strength of 0.75 N/mm², demonstrating significant improvements in load-bearing capacity and resistance to environmental degradation. Furthermore, incorporating rubber waste materials from discarded tires as backfill at optimal concentrations of 20% to 30% enhanced the flexibility, stress distribution, and hydrostatic pressure and drainage performance, as indicated by its laboratory-scale results. The IoT monitoring system enables early detection of slope conditions susceptible to landslides and soil saturation, thereby enhancing early warning capabilities. Overall, the proposed retaining wall system shows strong potential for application in infrastructure projects, particularly in areas requiring improved drainage and sustainability.
Investigation of Energy Dissipation for a Submerged Breakwater Using Computational Fluid Dynamic Model Flow-3D
The dynamic interaction between waves and coastal structures is an ongoing challenge, and the performance of submerged breakwaters is essential for coastal protection. As physical modeling is costly and complex, this study uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to numerically investigate wave behaviour and energy dissipation over a submerged horizontal breakwater with a 0.5-meter head above its crest. The methodology employs the FLOW-3D software, solving the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations coupled with the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method for free-surface tracking. The main findings confirm the model's capability to accurately simulate wave run-up and energy dissipation. This demonstrates the utility of FLOW-3D as a dependable, cost-effective alternative to physical experimentation for optimizing submerged breakwater designs and enhancing coastal stability.
Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Steel slag utilisation in concrete: A review of its effects on workability, flexural strength, tensile behaviour, and sustainability
Steel slag is a waste material derived from the steel refining process. Over the years, the steel slag has gained its potential as sustainable alternative material as a partial cement and aggregate replacement in concrete industry. This paper examines chemical composition and the impact of adopting steel slag on the workability and mechanical properties of concrete. Physically, the steel slag is angular, rough, porous and dense. Such characteristic reduces the workability of fresh concrete. In order to produce optimized mix design using steel slag, water reducing admixture should be used to ensure that the workability of the mix fall within the acceptable workability. Mechanically, the use of steel slag improves the interfacial transition zone which improve the mechanical, flexural and tensile strength of concrete. Besides that, investigation of high-performance concrete reveals that steel slag improved the ductility and serviceability of concrete. In this paper, a comprehensive use of steel slag is being discussed with the aim for broader adoption is sustainable concrete technology. Overall, steel slag emerges as a promising material that balances enhanced structural performance with environmental sustainability.
Extension of time claim effectiveness in Malaysian construction projects: An empirical mixed-methods study of legal clarity, economic flexibility and psychological safety
Ineffective administration of Extension of Time (EOT) claims remains a persistent governance challenge in construction projects, often resulting in disputes, cost overruns, and suppressed risk communication. Despite the existence of formal contractual provisions, many practitioners are reluctant to submit legitimate EOT claims due to legal ambiguity, punitive financial mechanisms, and perceived reputational risks. This study aims to empirically examine how legal framework clarity, economic flexibility, and psychological safety jointly influence the effectiveness of EOT claims in Malaysian construction projects. A mixed-methods approach was adopted. Quantitative data were collected through a structured questionnaire survey administered to 250 construction professionals from public and private sector organizations in Malaysia, and analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, multiple regression, and moderation analysis. Qualitative data were obtained from 15 semi-structured interviews with project managers, legal officers, and senior contractors, and analysed using thematic analysis to contextualize behavioural and organizational influences. The quantitative findings indicate that legal framework clarity is the strongest predictor of EOT claim effectiveness, followed by psychological safety, while economic flexibility significantly moderates the relationship between legal clarity and claim outcomes. Qualitative results reveal that fear of stigmatization, blame-oriented organizational cultures, and rigid penalty regimes suppress legitimate EOT claims, particularly among certain stakeholder groups. The study contributes by providing context-specific empirical validation of socio-legal and behavioural theories in construction contract administration, demonstrating that formal legal provisions alone are insufficient without supportive psychological and economic environments. Practically, the findings inform contract drafting, organizational governance, and policy reforms aimed at improving transparency, fairness, and risk communication in EOT administration.
Geotechnical improvement of soft clay using cockleshell ash and rice husk as stabilising agents
This study investigates the effectiveness of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Cockle Shell Ash (CSA) as sustainable stabilizing agents for improving the engineering properties of soft kaolinite clay. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the physical and mechanical behaviour of the treated soil, including particle size distribution, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, Standard Proctor compaction, and undrained shear strength (USS). Kaolin samples were initially stabilized with varying dosages of RHA (3%, 6%, and 9%) to determine the optimum content for maximum strength improvement. The optimum RHA content was then combined with CSA at different proportions (3%, 6%, and 9%), and the specimens were cured for 1, 7, and 14 days. The results indicate that the addition of CSA to RHA-stabilized soil significantly influences the engineering properties of the clay. The inclusion of CSA reduced the specific gravity and optimum moisture content (OMC), while increasing the plasticity index (PI), maximum dry density (MDD), and undrained shear strength (USS). The highest strength improvement was observed for the mixture containing 9% RHA and 6% CSA after 7 days of curing, where the USS increased by 616.77% compared with untreated kaolin clay. This significant strength enhancement demonstrates the synergistic interaction between RHA and CSA when used as stabilizing agents. Overall, the findings indicate that the incorporation of CSA into RHA-stabilized kaolinite clay can effectively improve the mechanical performance of soft clay soils. The use of these waste-derived pozzolanic materials provides a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach for soil stabilization in geotechnical and construction applications.
Effect of corrosion on the strength reduction and stress–strain characteristics of thermo–mechanically treated steel bars exposed to an accelerated chloride–rich environment
This study investigated the detrimental impact of corrosion on the mechanical properties of thermo–mechanically treated (TMT) steel bars, a material widely used in reinforced concrete structures. The primary objective was to identify a crucial threshold level for corrosion, indicating a potential loss of structural integrity. Additionally, this research quantitatively assessed the percentage reduction in tensile strength and the alteration of stress–strain characteristics of TMT steel bars as a function of corrosion intensity. An accelerated corrosion process was conducted by utilizing the TMT bar as an anode and a stainless–steel plate as a cathode within an artificial seawater environment to simulate long–term exposure to chloride–rich coastal conditions. Experimental results demonstrated a significant and non–linear degradation in mechanical performance. At 12% corrosion, yield and ultimate strength reductions of 19.69% and 19.78% were recorded, respectively—beyond this critical threshold, the bars failed to meet the minimum designated yield stress and ultimate strength specified in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 6935 (Grade G72.5–500). The findings established empirical correlations between corrosion intensity and key mechanical parameters, highlighting that corrosion not only reduces cross–sectional area but also induces localized pitting and brittle fracture initiation sites, which disproportionately affect stress–strain response. Critically, the post–yield behavior was severely affected; corrosion led to a marked loss of ductility, a contraction of the plastic plateau, and a considerable decline in tensile strength. This research provides essential data for evaluating the residual safety and service life of deteriorating coastal concrete infrastructures.
Performance analysis of sustainable asphalt mixes containing reclaimed asphalt pavement and crumb rubber
Due to the increased demand for aggregates in road construction, intensifying environmental issues including soil erosion, water pollution, and ecosystem degradation caused by aggregate extraction. To mitigate these impacts, this study utilized recycled materials such as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and crumb rubber (CR) as partial aggregate replacements, incorporating 40% RAP and 2–6% CR in the mix. Marshall stability, resilient modulus, and dynamic creep tests were performed to assess load-bearing capacity, stiffness, and deformation behaviour under different conditions. The Marshall test results also provided insights into the relationship between stability, flow, and stiffness. Additionally, based on existing literature and current findings, the study identifies key limitations, discusses practical applications, and proposes directions for future research. The test results showed that recycled mixes, particularly RAP40 and RAP40CR2, performed better than traditional hot mix asphalt (HMA) in the Marshall test. In the resilient modulus test, both RAP40 and RAP40CR2 outperformed the control mixture, with RAP40CR2 achieving the greatest values 42.23% and 69.9% higher at 25°C and 40°C, respectively. Similarly, dynamic creep results revealed that mixtures containing RAP40, RAP40CR2, and RAP40CR6 exhibited enhanced resistance to permanent deformation compared to the control, with RAP40CR2 providing the most significant stability improvement. Overall, the study concludes that combining RAP and CR helps mitigate environmental impacts by incorporating waste materials, while also performing well across different temperatures and loading conditions.
Green building index in enhancing healthcare facility sustainability
The green building index (GBI) is an important certification tool to promote sustainable practices and energy-efficient building designs. This study investigates the implementation and effectiveness of the GBI in public hospital buildings in Malaysia. A qualitative research approach was employed, combining an extensive literature review with semi-structured interviews involving five key stakeholders from the Ministry of Health and the Public Works Department, including engineers and an architect involved in the planning, construction, and management of healthcare facilities. Thematic analysis identified three themes: GBI’s influence on sustainability outcomes, GBI’s overall effectiveness in promoting sustainable healthcare facilities, and the measurable benefits achieved through GBI’s implementation. The results show that GBI implementation in Malaysian public hospitals provides substantial benefits including improved energy and water efficiency, reduced operating and maintenance costs, and enhanced indoor environmental quality that supports patient recovery, staff well‑being, and overall operational sustainability. The study also underscores alignment with Malaysia’s commitment to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 11 on sustainable cities and communities. The findings offer practical guidance for policymakers, facility managers, and designers on utilising GBI criteria to enhance sustainability in the planning, design, and management of healthcare facilities. Future research could expand the scope to private healthcare facilities and apply mixed method approaches to deepen understanding GBI’s impact across diverse healthcare contexts.
A review on the recycling and utilization of incense ash and its application in building materials
As a solid waste produced in vast quantities each year, incense ash poses both resource inefficiency and environmental hazards under conventional disposal practices. In recent years, its valorisation in construction materials has attracted increasing attention. This review systematically integrates existing studies on the physicochemical characteristics of incense ash, its recycling and treatment technologies, and its applications in cementitious construction materials such as cement and concrete. The reviewed literature indicates that incense ash is rich in inorganic mineral constituents and exhibits notable pozzolanic activity, enabling its use as a supplementary cementitious material to partially replace conventional raw materials. Such utilization not only enhances certain material properties but also contributes to a reduction in production costs. However, its composition is highly influenced by the source materials in different countries/regions, and potential risks such as heavy metal contamination necessitate control through pretreatment. Future efforts should focus on promoting classified collection, standardized processing, and toxicity assessment of incense ash to facilitate its large-scale application in green building materials and contribute to sustainable development.
Greening groundworks: Stabilizing soft soil with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene-infused stone columns
The growing demand for sustainable approaches in geotechnical engineering has led to the exploration of novel materials. Incorporating waste materials such as Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene plastic into ground improvement applications offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution. This investigation began with an assessment of the fundamental geotechnical properties of the materials, both physical and mechanical followed by an evaluation of shear strength parameters. The analysis includes particle size distribution, specific gravity, compaction, permeability, and shear strength enhancement. This study employs the vibro-replacement technique to fabricate reinforced columns at laboratory scale. It introduces a new technology aimed at addressing issues commonly associated with clayey soils, such as excessive settlement. The influence of column dimensions is examined through various ratios, including the Column Penetration Ratio, Column Penetration to Diameter Ratio, and Volume Substitution Ratio. Via the Unconfined Compression Test, the Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene column–reinforced kaolin soil recorded shear strength values ranging from 15.43 kPa to 22.56 kPa, compared to the raw shear strength value of 11.11 kPa. Across all designs, the reinforcement delayed column failure under constant axial deformation. Thus, it is deduced that the optimum column design occurred at an 8 mm diameter, with an improvement percentage of 103.06% at a critical column length of 50 mm. In conclusion, this study confirms the potential of this plastic as a viable material for improving the engineering properties of clayey soil, while also highlighting its environmental benefits.
Seismic Fragility Characterization of Grid-Like Frame Structures
Historically, the design of reinforced concrete (RC) moment-resisting frames in regions of moderate seismicity, such as Malaysia, has been predominantly governed by gravity load requirements, which renders a considerable portion of the existing building stock vulnerable to earthquake-related risks. This study presents a parametric seismic fragility assessment of low-rise reinforced concrete (RC) grid-like frames, representative of structures in Malaysia where design has traditionally emphasized gravity loads. A suite of building archetypes was developed to capture systematic variations in key structural and geometric parameters, including plan configuration, story height, bay aspect ratio, column and beam cross-sectional area. Each archetype was subjected to Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) using nine ground motion records from the PEER NGA-West2 database. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) was employed as the intensity measure, and maximum interstory drift ratio (MaxIDR) was adopted as the engineering demand parameter. Fragility functions were constructed for five predefined damage states specified by international seismic performance guidelines, ranging from Slight Damage to Collapse. Results indicate that archetypes with smaller member sizes and more rectangular bay layouts (lower aspect ratios) exhibit a significantly higher probability of extensive damage at lower shaking intensities. The proposed framework which comprises a fragility catalog for detailed risk evaluation and a computationally efficient regression model for rapid vulnerability screening—provides a valuable tool for seismic risk assessment, disaster mitigation planning, and prioritization of retrofitting strategies in Malaysia and similar regions.
A Review on the Modification of Cold‑Mix Asphalt for Pavement Construction
Cold mix asphalt (CMA) reduces energy input and greenhouse gas emissions through production and placement at ambient temperatures. The chief limitations entail high air-void content, long curing time, and initial low strength. This systematic review aggregates recent experimental work related to additives targeting these disadvantages. Geopolymer additives develop hardened structures improving Marshall stability and, when used at optimal asphalt-geopolymer ratio, allow short curing times. Industrial by-product fillers, i.e., paper sludge ash and cement kiln dust, increase stiffness and reduce cure times and offer more environmentally friendly substitutes for conventional fillers. Nanomaterials have been widely studied in hot-mix asphalt and binder contexts; they can modify viscosity and increase rut resistance but at the potential cost of sacrificing low-temperature ductility. Very few studies have directly applied nanoparticles to CMA in peer-reviewed research, and this represents an important gap in research findings. Among CMA studies investigated here, overall CMA performance was generally boosted in terms of resilient modulus, resilient and permanent deformation, and moisture resistance; excessive stiffening could, however, undermine fatigue resistance. The review highlights important research questions related to long-term durability, life-cycle performance, and dosage optimization and highlights priorities for future CMA research.
Improved Settlement Modeling of Leca Column–Raft Systems in Soft Clay: Influence of Friction Angle and Material Properties
Stone columns are widely recognized as an effective ground improvement technique to enhance the bearing capacity of soft clay, reduce compressibility, and accelerate consolidation by providing drainage for excess pore water. Conventional columns are typically filled with coarse aggregates, but increasing attention is now given to sustainable and lightweight alternatives. This study investigates the use of Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) as filler material in column raft systems. Numerical modelling was performed in PLAXIS 3D (2020), with LECA represented by the Mohr-Coulomb model and soft clay by the Hardening Soil model. Drained analysis was adopted to capture long-term settlement behaviour. A comprehensive parametric study examined the effects of area replacement ratio, raft thickness, and internal friction angle on settlement performance. The novelty of this research lies in the development of two predictive models for estimating settlement in LECA-filled column raft systems. Unlike previous studies, the proposed models extend the existing Settlement Prediction Model (IP_CR-2019_0349) by incorporating a wider range of LECA properties, including internal friction angle and modulus, which vary with production sources. The validated design chart provides practical guidance for engineers in applying LECA columns to improve soft clay foundations. Overall, the study demonstrates that LECA is a lightweight, durable, and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional aggregates, with strong potential for sustainable ground improvement.
Sulfate Resistance of Green Concrete Incorporating Ceramic Waste Powder and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
This study investigates the sulfate resistance of green concrete incorporating ceramic waste powder (CWP) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as supplementary cementitious materials. The objective was to evaluate the impact of binary CWP–SCBA replacements on the durability and mechanical performance of concrete subjected to prolonged sulfate exposure. Six concrete mixes were developed with varying replacement levels (0–30%) by total binder weight. The experimental program assessed workability, compressive strength, mass change, and strength retention of specimens exposed to a 5% sodium sulfate solution for up to 90 days. The results showed that incorporating CWP and SCBA slightly reduced slump and density but significantly enhanced sulfate resistance compared to the control. The mix containing 15% SCBA and 5% CWP (M5) achieved the lowest mass loss and the highest strength retention (80.3%) after 90 days. This improvement was attributed to the pozzolanic activity and filler effects, which refined the microstructure and reduced permeability. These findings demonstrate that the combined use of ceramic and agricultural waste can improve concrete durability in sulfate-rich environments, supporting sustainable construction and waste valorization. The study recommends the partial replacement of Portland cement with CWP and SCBA as a viable and eco-friendly approach for enhancing concrete longevity in aggressive conditions.
Influence of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Aggregate on the Mechanical Properties of Very-High Strength Heat-Resistant Concrete
Very-High Strength Heat-Resistant Concrete (VHSHRC) endures elevated temperatures for extended durations without performance deterioration. Furthermore, it exhibits enhanced resistance to spalling, loss of strength, and diminished durability. The use of VHSHRC is particularly evident in scenarios involving prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures, such as power plants, industrial facilities, and areas susceptible to fires. The increasing need for resource-efficient building materials in concrete structures demands the assessment and performance implications of integrating Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) aggregate into Very High Strength High-Performance Concrete (VHSHRC) mixes. The use of RAP aggregate is an exemplary option for constructions aiming to reduce environmental impact, optimise resource efficiency, and conform to the increasing focus on sustainability. This research employed RAP aggregate as a partial substitute for quartz sand at rates of 4%, 5%, 6%, and 7%. Mechanical tests were performed on VHSHRC exposed to various high temperatures and exposure periods. The research findings revealed that the optimal ratio of RAP aggregate was 5%, resulting in increases in compressive strength and split tensile strength of 3.34% and 3.68%, respectively.
The Role of the Safety, Health, and Environment Code of Practice (SHE COP) in Mitigating Bus Crashes: A Case Study in Malaysia
In Malaysia, bus-related road crashes, while comparatively infrequent, often result in disproportionately high numbers of fatalities, resulting in an initiative by MIROS to introduce the Safety, Health and Environment Code of Practice (SHE COP) for the transportation sector in 2007, to enhance bus safety operations and mitigate such incidents. This paper aims to assess the impact of the SHE COP implementation on bus-related road crashes and fatalities. The number of bus crashes from the year 1993 to 2022, collected from the annual road traffic accident statistics report published by the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP), was utilised. A before-after comparison for the period before and after the SHE COP was introduced was used to evaluate the statistics. The study reveals a significant decrease in bus crashes following implementation (t0.025,28=3.066, p-value = 0.005), indicating a systemic improvement in bus safety practices. These findings underscore the effectiveness of SHE COP in reducing both the frequency of bus crashes and associated fatalities. This research provides empirical support for ongoing enhancements to SHE COP implementation within the transportation industry.
Behavior of Micromobility User Towards Different Road Category
The rise of micromobility solutions, particularly e-scooters and e-bikes, is reshaping urban mobility patterns in Malaysian cities. Despite their growing popularity, the behavioral dynamics and safety implications of micromobility users across various road categories remain insufficiently understood. This gap presents a challenge for developing responsive infrastructure and policies that ensure safe integration into existing transport systems. This study aims to examine the behavior, preferences, and safety concerns of micromobility users—focusing on their interaction with four distinct road types: expressways, federal roads, city centers, and residential areas. A mixed-method approach was adopted, comprising two main stages: (i) online surveys to capture user demographics, preferences, and risk perceptions, and (ii) on-site observational studies to assess user positioning, speed, helmet usage, and visibility practices across the selected road categories. The findings reveal notable behavioral differences based on road types. For instance, e-scooter usage was nearly non-existent on expressways, while bicycle users on federal roads and city centers showed a 67% rate of helmet use and a 74% compliance with lighting visibility standards during low-light conditions. In conclusion, the study highlights the urgent need for road-type-specific infrastructure enhancements, reinforced safety regulations, and awareness campaigns tailored to micromobility users. These insights are essential for urban planners and policymakers aiming to foster a safer, more inclusive micromobility ecosystem in Malaysia.
Review of Asphalt Pavement Adaptation to Climate Change: Enhancing Resilience and Sustainability
Climate change significantly accelerates the degradation of asphalt pavements due to elevated temperatures, heavy rainfall, flooding, and severe weather phenomena. These environmental stressors reduce pavement longevity, increase maintenance expenses, and pose safety risks. This study examined recent research on the effects of climate change on asphalt pavement performance and assessed adaptation strategies aimed at enhancing resilience and sustainability. The research consolidated discoveries concerning temperature-induced rutting, moisture-related fatigue cracking, and material deterioration resulting from freeze-thaw cycles. Essential adaptation strategies were categorised into three main types: material advancements, structural modifications, and maintenance technologies. Material developments emphasised high-performance binders, nanomaterial additions, and recycled components to enhance heat and moisture resistance. Structural changes improved drainage and energy efficiency, including the implementation of permeable pavements and thermoelectric systems. Maintenance strategies, such as optimisation-based scheduling, enhanced binder treatments, and predictive monitoring via the Internet of Things (IoT), provided proactive solutions to prolong pavement longevity. This study highlighted that effective adaptation relies on incorporating climatic data into design models and life-cycle cost evaluations. Despite the cost and technical capacity challenges, adopting climate-resilient technology is essential for sustainable road infrastructure. This research offered pragmatic recommendations to inform future engineering practices and policy decisions in climate-adaptive pavement design.
Assessment of the Sustainable Development Potential of Traditional Villages in Sichuan
This study examines traditional villages in Sichuan Province, focusing on the challenges posed by modernization and urbanization—such as population outflow, inadequate infrastructure, and ecological degradation. A comprehensive evaluation system was developed, encompassing three dimensions: natural environment, socio-economic conditions, and development potential. The research employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process, GIS spatial analysis to assess the sustainable development potential of traditional villages across different regions of Sichuan. The results reveal a significant spatial gradient in sustainable development, with higher scores observed in areas characterized by stronger economic development, favorable ecological conditions, and greater development potential. In contrast, regions with scarce natural resources and weak infrastructure scored lower. Further analysis highlights those natural environmental factors—such as elevation, slope, and green coverage rate—are key determinants of village livability. Socio-economic factors, including population density and income growth rate, influence development vitality, while development potential is significantly affected by spatial agglomeration, tourism resources, and national honors. The study also proposes region-specific development strategies, emphasizing the promotion of green industries and technological innovation in high-scoring areas, while focusing on strengthening infrastructure, diversifying industries, and improving ecological management in medium- and low-scoring regions.
Stakeholder Perspectives on Organizational Performance Failure in Malaysia Construction Projects
The construction industry is often associated with failures in organizational performance, which can result in substantial economic challenges and hinder project delivery. This study investigates key stakeholder perspectives on organizational performance failures in Malaysia’s construction sector. A qualitative approach was adopted using open-ended questionnaires completed by 155 respondents from contracting firms, developers, consultants, and public agencies. Thematic analysis revealed recurring challenges in leadership, communication, resource allocation, and project management. These findings highlight the interconnected nature of organizational deficiencies and underscore the need for leadership development, improved collaboration, and strategic planning. The study contributes stakeholder-grounded insights for enhancing organizational performance in construction projects.
Role of Numerical Modelling in Understanding Soft Soil Behaviour Under Construction Load
This study reviewed the application of numerical modelling in soft soil subjected to different construction loads. Various models to simulate clayey soils were discussed which included the Modified Cam Clay (MCC) model and Elastic-viscoplastic (EVP) model. The MCC model was useful for predicting soil settlement and pore water pressure through a 2D FEA model, but the EVP model performed more accurately in predicting soil settlements, lateral displacements and excess pore water pressures. A 3D numerical model using HSM for pile raft foundations accurately predicted the displacement under working loads based on the non-linear soil elasticity and plasticity. Case studies on tunnels constructed on soft soil were presented. Numerical simulations had been found reliable in simulating the settlements and slope stability. The findings emphasized the importance of numerical modelling to enhance design optimization in geotechnical aspects.
Performance of Geosynthetics in Reinforcing Soft Ground for Construction
The use of geosynthetics to reinforce soft ground is crucial in addressing the challenges posed by soft soils, including their low shear strength, high compressibility, and inadequate drainage. These challenging soil conditions, frequently found in regions like Malaysia, present major obstacles to infrastructure development. This research examines how geosynthetic materials such as geogrids, geotextiles, and vertical drains can offer innovative solutions to enhance soil stability and load capacity. By reviewing three case studies, the study illustrates how geogrids reduced settlement in a railway project, geotextiles stabilized road embankments on soft ground, and vertical drains sped up soil consolidation. These cases show that geosynthetics improve stability, shorten construction time, and support durable infrastructure on soft soils. This study examines the use of geosynthetics, including geogrids for high-speed railway embankments in Malaysia, geotextiles for road stabilization in Indonesia, and prefabricated vertical drains for ground improvement in Egypt. The findings highlight the practical advantages of geosynthetics in improving construction efficiency, promoting sustainability, and enhancing resilience in soft soil conditions. Ultimately, this paper adds to the expanding body of knowledge on advanced geotechnical methods, emphasizing the crucial role of geosynthetics in modern construction practices.
Advancements in Ground Improvement Techniques for Soft Soils
Ground improvement techniques are essential for enhancing the engineering properties of soft soils, which is typically characterized by low shear strength, high compressibility, and poor drainage characteristics. Over the years, several ground improvement methods have been developed and applied to mitigate the challenges posed by soft soils in construction projects. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the most widely used techniques for soft soil improvement, including deep mixing, jet grouting, preloading, and vertical drains. Each method is evaluated in terms of its feasibility, cost-effectiveness, application areas, and efficiency. Case studies from various regions are examined to highlight the practical implementation of these techniques in real-world scenarios, with particular attention to their performance in improving soil strength, accelerating consolidation, and reducing settlement. The findings indicate that while each method has its strengths and limitations, a combination of techniques often yields the best results, depending on site-specific conditions. This paper concludes by recommending optimal approaches for the use of ground improvement techniques based on soil characteristics, project scale, and environmental considerations, ultimately contributing to safer and more sustainable construction practices in soft soil environments.
Unravelling the Challenges of Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Construction Projects: A Comprehensive Analysis of Barriers to Acceptance
In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a key enabler of digital transformation across various industries, including construction. Despite its potential to enhance project delivery through improvements in productivity, quality, and cost-efficiency, the adoption of AI in construction remains limited, particularly in developing countries. To address this gap, this study investigates the core barriers hindering the acceptance and adoption of AI technology in construction projects and aims to identify and prioritize the most significant among them. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected through a web-based survey targeting technologists and contractors. The study employed the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate four main barrier categories—motivation, incentives, skills, and cost—each comprising several sub-factors. Findings revealed that motivation (34.40%) is the most significant barrier, followed by incentives (27.20%), skills (21.20%), and cost (17.30%). The top three sub-factors were suspicious performance (M3) at 39.10%, lack of political support (I2) at 36.43%, and poor public acceptability (M2) at 35.79%. These findings offer important insights for policymakers and construction stakeholders to develop targeted interventions that support the integration of AI technologies, aligned with Industry 4.0 initiatives.
Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Groundwater Using Tropical Wetland Plants: Lepironia articulata and Typha angustifolia
This study examines the efficacy of Lepironia articulata and Typha angustifolia in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF-CWs) for removing organic pollutants and heavy metals from contaminated water over a 10-week monitoring period. For Lepironia articulata, the average COD, BOD₅, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Cu concentrations were 38.2 mg/L, 13.09 mg/L, 0.0416 mg/L, 0.0368 mg/L, 1.1539 mg/L, and 0.0096 mg/L, with corresponding removal efficiencies of 31.02%, 22.89%, 11.18%, 19.87%, 23.18%, and 22.53%, respectively. For Typha angustifolia, they were 50.7 mg/L, 11.43 mg/L, 0.0289 mg/L, 0.0163 mg/L, 0.9795 mg/L, and 0.0095 mg/L, with removal efficiencies of 8.24%, 38.34%, 37.16%, 57.41%, 32.83%, and 34.08%, respectively. FESEM-EDX imaging revealed distinct accumulation patterns, as Lepironia articulata tended to sequester more metals in its leaves, whereas Typha angustifolia retained a greater proportion in the stem. These findings highlight the complementary strengths of both macrophytes in mitigating organic and metal contaminants through wetland-based treatment.
Comparative Analysis Between Landsat and MODIS Data for Urban Heat Island Mapping in Kuala Lumpur
The urban heat island effect, a critical environmental challenge exacerbated by urbanization, significantly impacts climate change, energy consumption, and public health. Remote sensing technology offers an efficient approach for UHI monitoring, with Landsat and MODIS being the most widely used data sources. This study evaluates the applicability of Landsat 8/9 (30 m spatial resolution) and MODIS LST (MOD11A1, 1 km spatial resolution) data in UHI monitoring, using Kuala Lumpur as a case study from 2015 to 2024. We compare land surface temperature retrieval accuracy, assess the influence of spatial and temporal resolution on UHI detection. Higher NDVI value (>0.1) reduces UHI by cooling, while higher LST (>31.43° C) intensifies UHI through surface heating. Results indicate that Landsat’s high spatial resolution (30 m) makes it more suitable for microscale urban heat island analysis, whereas MODIS, with its high temporal resolution (daily observations), is better suited for large-scale, dynamic UHI monitoring. This study provides valuable insights for selecting optimal remote sensing data for UHI research, supporting urban planning and climate mitigation strategies.
Traffic-Related Air Pollutants and Health Impacts on E-Hailing Services Drivers in Southeast Asia: A Literature Review
E-hailing services in Southeast Asia have revolutionised transportation, which raises concerns about air pollution exposure among drivers, who often spend extended hours in high-traffic areas. This paper review evaluates exposure to traffic-related air pollutants and the health impacts on e-hailing drivers in Southeast Asia, providing insights to support urban policymakers and stakeholders in designing safer, healthier transportation models. The result of the review illustrates particulate matter, ozone, sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are the sources of traffic related air pollutants, with associated main risks for respiratory and cardiovascular health. Owing to the lack of research on the e-hailing service, there is little evidence in the existing literature on health impacts dimension of e-hailing services. This indicates a need for further research in this area to further investigate health impacts and evaluate the benefits and challenges associated with e-hailing service as an urban transport solution.
Development of Global Navigation Satellite System Mission Planning Simulator for Determining Optimum Observation Duration
The use of Static Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has become widespread in geodetic applications due to its ability to provide highly accurate positioning. One of the main sources of errors in GNSS positioning is the ionospheric delay, which has a significant impact especially during periods of maximum solar activity. Previous solar cycle 24 indicated that solar maximum and solar minimum occurred in 2014 and 2019, respectively. This highlights the need for extensive collection of GNSS data to minimize the effects of the ionosphere. This study aimed to develop a simulator for mission planning to determine the optimum duration for GNSS static observation. The Malaysia Real-Time Kinematic GNSS network (MyRTKnet) was used, focusing on three baseline categories: short (<50km), medium (50km to 100km), and long (>100km). The static GNSS data were processed using Trimble Business Centre (TBC), and statistical adjustment was performed based on the standard deviation of delta X, delta Y, delta Z, horizontal, and vertical components. The results of the study indicated that to achieve higher precision in GPS baseline solutions during high ionosphere activity, an observation duration of at least two hours is necessary, particularly to improve vertical precision. Furthermore, the precision of the baseline solution was higher during solar maximum compared to solar minimum. A comparison between the simulation and field data acquisition demonstrated that the simulator successfully estimated the horizontal and vertical precision through statistical analysis. Ultimately, it is expected that this simulator will assist surveyors in determining the optimum duration for GNSS static observation.
Investigation of Wind Pressure Coefficient Distribution on High-rise Building due to Different Shape Modifications using Computer Simulation
High-rise buildings are rapidly flourishing in various regions due to accelerating industrialization and increasing population density. The limited availability of land has driven this trend. Nonetheless, wind pressure significantly influences the design and structural stability of these tall structures. Therefore, it is crucial to account for wind loads when designing high-rise buildings, particularly in areas prone to strong winds, such as coastal regions, where winds can exert substantial force on the structure. This study focuses on analyzing wind pressure coefficient distribution around high-rise buildings by examining building shapes modifications and wind flow behavior through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The suggested tapering ratio and aerodynamic modification factor is 10% was applied to this study. The findings reveal that the maximum negative pressure coefficient (CP) or suction observed is -1.630, associated with the M4 model, which features a tapering design with rounded corners. This high suction is attributed to wind flow behavior for instance the flow separation and reattachment at the edge of the building's top (Zone 2). Except for the M4 model, which has a rounded edge on the leeward side, the thickness of the recirculation eddies is nearly uniform across all models. The M4 model's design results in a smaller wake region and reduced turbulence on the leeward side. Therefore, the M4 shape is the most effective in minimizing the impact of wind on the building structure.