TY - JOUR AU - Talib, N. H. H. A. AU - Salleh, H. AU - Youn, B. D. AU - Resali, M. S. M. PY - 2019/12/30 Y2 - 2024/03/29 TI - Comprehensive Review on Effective Strategies and Key Factors for High Performance Piezoelectric Energy Harvester at Low Frequency JF - International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering JA - Int. J. Automot. Mech. Eng. VL - 16 IS - 4 SE - Articles DO - 10.15282/ijame.16.4.2019.03.0537 UR - https://journal.ump.edu.my/ijame/article/view/948 SP - 7181-7210 AB - <p>In the past decade, there has been rapid development in piezoelectric energy harvester&nbsp;due to its limited application and low output power. This paper critically reviews the&nbsp;strategies implemented to improve the power density for low-frequency applications.&nbsp;These strategies include piezoelectric material selection as well as optimisations of shape,&nbsp;size and structure. The review also focuses on the recent advances in multi-modal,&nbsp;nonlinear and multi-directional energy harvesting. Based on the comprehensive summary&nbsp;of the normalised power density at 1g acceleration, it was found that most works fell in&nbsp;the second quadrant of low frequency and high power density. The maximum value was&nbsp;around 1mW/mm3&nbsp;/g. Adding an extension of beam or spring to the conventional&nbsp;piezoelectric beam could enhance the normalised power density dramatically.&nbsp;Additionally, the multi-modal energy harvester exhibits broader bandwidth when its&nbsp;multiple resonance peaks get closer. The findings indicate that the anticipated&nbsp;performance of a piezoelectric harvester can be attained by achieving the trade-off&nbsp;between output power and bandwidth. To achieve high performance at low frequency,&nbsp;the following factors are essential: excellent material characteristics optimised geometry&nbsp;for high strain energy density, excellent flexibility, high excitation amplitude and broad&nbsp;bandwidth.&nbsp;</p> ER -