Optimization of physical and mechanical properties of glycerol - modified natural rubber/starch - filled carbon black composites using two level factorial design

M. Mazliah; N. Mohamad; H. E. Ab Maulod; A. R. Jeefferie; M. A. A. Mohd Abid; K. I. Karim; M. A. Mahamood; M. M. Hamdan

doi:10.15282/jmes.13.2.2019.16.0413

Authors

M. Mazliah Fakulti Kejuruteraan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia Phone: +606-270 2571; Fax: +606 -270 1047
N. Mohamad Fakulti Kejuruteraan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia Phone: +606-270 2571; Fax: +606 -270 1047
H. E. Ab Maulod Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal & Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
A. R. Jeefferie Fakulti Kejuruteraan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia Phone: +606-270 2571; Fax: +606 -270 1047
M. A. A. Mohd Abid Fakulti Kejuruteraan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia Phone: +606-270 2571; Fax: +606 -270 1047
K. I. Karim Fakulti Kejuruteraan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia Phone: +606-270 2571; Fax: +606 -270 1047
M. A. Mahamood Fakulti Kejuruteraan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia Phone: +606-270 2571; Fax: +606 -270 1047
M. M. Hamdan Sindutch Cable Manufacturer Sdn. Bhd. Lot 38, Alor Gajah Industrial Estate, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.13.2.2019.16.0413

Keywords:

response surface methodology, natural rubber, starch, dynamic mechanical analysis, desirability

Abstract

A statistical model was developed in this study to describe cure characteristic, rebound resilience and tensile strength of natural rubber/starch composites which was prepared by using a Haake internal mixer. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite centered design (CCD) was employed to statistically evaluate and optimize the conditions for maximum cure characteristic, rebound resilience and tensile strength and study the significance and interaction of carbon black and glycerol on rebound resilience and tensile strength yield. The experimental runs were carried out according to a 2² full factorial design for the two identified design independent variables, namely, carbon black (X₁) and glycerol (X₂). With the use of the developed quadratic model equation, a maximum rebound resilience 71% was obtained to be a carbon black loading of 50 phr and glycerol loading of 7 %.

References

Mazliah M, Mohamad N, Maulod HEA, Jeefferie AR, Mohd Mef’at H. Rebound resilience of natural rubber composites via response surface methodology. Proceeding of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2018, (May). 2018, 130-1

Mohamad N, Yaakub J, Maulod, HEA, Jeefferie AR, Yuhazri MY, Lau KT, Ahsan Q, Shueb MI, Othman R. Vibrational damping behaviors of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced NR/EPDM nanocomposites. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2017;11:3274-87.

Rosszainily IRA, Salim MA, Mansor MR, Akop MZ, Putra A, Musthafah MT, Hasan MZ, Abdul Rahman MN, Sudin MN. Effect of carbon black fillers on tensile stress of unvulcanized natural rubber compound. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2016;10:2043-52.

Valodkar M, Thakore S. Thermal and mechanical properties of natural rubber and starch nanobiocomposites. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization. 2010;15:387-95.

Khafidh M, Schipper DJ, Masen MA, Vleugels N, Noordermeer JWM. Tribological behavior of short-cut aramid fiber reinforced sbr elastomers: the effect of fiber orientation. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2018;12:3700-11.

Norazlina H, Firdaus RM, Hafizuddin WM. Enhanced Properties from Mixing Natural Rubber with Recycled Polyvinyl Chloride by Melt Blending. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2015;8: 1440-47.

Taufik RS, Nurul Farah Adibah M, Muhamad MR, Hasib H. Feasibility Study of Natural Fiber Composite Material for Engineering Application. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2014;6:940-48.

Jamiluddin J, Siregar JP, Sulaiman A, Jalal KAA, Tezara C. Study on Properties of Tapioca Resin Polymer. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2016; 13:3178-89.

Mohamad N, Nur Sharafina Z, Maulod HEA, Yuhazri MY, Jeefferie AR. Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Epoxidized Natural Rubber Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Treated with Maleic Anhydride-Grafted Polypropylene. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering. 2013;8:1305-15.

Niyogi UK. Natural and Synthetic Rubber. Polymer Science. Delhi.

O Aguele F, Madufor CI. Effects of Carbonised Coir on Physical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites. American Journal of Polymer Science. 2012;2:28-34.

Mazliah M, Mohamad N, Jeefferie AR. Cure characteristics and tensile properties of natural rubber vulcanizates modified by tapioca starch. Proceeding of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2016, (March). 2016;163-4.

Mohamad N, Mazliah M, Jeefferie AR, Nur Sharafina Z, Amirul Asyraf M, Maulod HEA. Compressive properties of green rubber foam from reclaimed rubber glove. International Journal Materials and Product Technology. 2016;53: 252-66.

Attharangsan S, Ismail H, Bakar MA, Ismail J. Carbon black (CB)/rice husk powder (RHP) hybrid filler-filled natural rubber composites: Effect of CB/RHP ratio on property of the composites. Polymer - Plastics Technology and Engineering. 2012;51:655-62.

Guo C, Zhou L, Lv J. Effects of expandable graphite and modified ammonium polyphosphate on the flame-retardant and mechanical properties of wood flour-polypropylene composites. Polymers and Polymer Composites. 2013;21:449-56.

Ismail H, Nordin R, Noor AM. The effect of filler loading on curing and mechanical properties of natural rubber/recycled rubber powder blends. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials. 2005;54:9-20.

Ramesan MT. The effects of filler content on cure and mechanical properties of dichlorocarbene modified styrene butadiene rubber/carbon black composites. Journal of Polymer Research. 2005;11:333-40.

Ibrahim MS, Sapuan SM, Faieza AA. Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Composites from Unsaturated Polyester Filled with Oil Palm Ash. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2012;2:133-7.

Mah KH, Yussof HW, Abu Seman MN, Mohammad AW. Polyester thin film composite nanofiltration membranes via interfacial polymerization: influence of five synthesis parameters on water permeability. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2018;12:3387-98.

Chonkaew W, Minghvanish W, Kungliean U, Rochanawipart N, Brostow W. Vulcanization Characteristics and Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Natural Rubber Reinforced with Silane Modified Silica. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2010;10:2018-24.

Mohamad N, Yaakub J, Jeefferie AR, Yuhazri MY, Shueb MI, Muchtar A. Effects of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR-50) and Processing Parameters on The Properties of NR/EPDM Blends using Response Surface Methodology. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2014;131:40713.

Mohamad N, Muchtar A, Ghazali MJ, Mohd DH, Azhari CH. Epoxidized Natural Rubber-Alumina Nanoparticle Composites: Optimization of Mixer Parameters via Response Surface Methodology. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2010;115:183-9.

Noryani M, Sapuan SM, Mastura MT. Multi-criteria decision-making tools for material selection of natural fibre composites: A review. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2018;12:3330-53.

Al-Mansob RA, Ismail A, Yusoff NIM, Azhari CH, Karim MR, Alduri A, Baghini MS. Rheological Characteristics of Epdxidized Natural Rubber Modified Bitumen. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2014;505-506:174-9.

Jeefferie AR, Ahmad SH, Ratnam CT, Mahamood MA, Yaakub J, Mohamad N. Effects of EPDM- g -MAH Compatibilizer and Internal Mixer Processing Parameters on The Properties of NR / EPDM Blends : An Analysis using Response Surface Methodology. Journal of Applied Polymer SCIENCE. 2015;132:42199.

Nor NAM, Othman N. Effect of Filler Loading on Curing Characteristic and Tensile Properties of Palygorskite Natural Rubber Nanocomposites. Procedia Chemistry. 2016;19:351-8.

Jeefferie AR, Ahmad SH, Ratnam CT, Mahamood MA, Yaakub J, Mohamad N. NR/EPDM Elastomeric Rubber Blend Miscibility Evaluation by Two-Level Fractional Factorial Design of Experiment. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2014; 1614:82-89.

Ooi ZX, Ismail H, Abu Bakar A. Synergistic Effect of Oil Palm Ash Filled Natural Rubber Compound at Low Filler Loading. Polymer Testing. 2013;32:38-44.

Sae-oui P, Sirisinha C, Hatthapanit K. Effect of Blend Ratio on Aging, Oil and Ozone Resistance of Silica-Filled Chloroprene Rubber/Natural Rubber (CR/NR) Blends. 2007;1:8-14.

Moonchai D, Moryadee N, Poosodsang N. Comparative properties of natural rubber vulcanisates filled with defatted rice bran, clay and calcium carbonate. Maejo International Journal of Science and Technology. 2012;6:249-58.

Ooi ZX, Ismail H, Abu Bakar A. Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Tensile Behavior of Oil Palm Ash Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates. Advances in Rubber. 2014;844:305-8.

Utracki LA, Wilkie C. Polymer Blends Handbook. 2014;2nd ed:New York: Springer.

Thongsang S, Sombatsompop N, Ansarifar A. Effect of fly ash silica and precipitated silica fillers on the viscosity, cure, and viscoelastic properties of natural rubber. Polymers for Advanced Technologies. 2008;19:1296-304.